Ob : All the Wrong Moves

ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR-I CASE ANALYSIS All the Wrong Moves Submitted to: Dr. Saleena Khan Asst. Professor, OB & HRM Area IMT, Nagpur Submitted By: GROUP-1, SECTION-A Aakanksha Garg 2012001 Abhinav Aggarwal 2012007 Abhishek Gupta 2012013 Abinash Dash 2012015 Aditya Mohan 2012022 Akash Agrawal 2012029 Anant Kr Ajmera 2012040 Ankita Pandey 2012051 Introduction: This case is about a company ‘Nutrorim’ which was founded in 1986 by an organic farmer and his wife.Nutrorim manufactures various lines of vitamins and nutritional supplements. The case is about the flaws in decision making process of the company. Don Rifkin is the main character of the case who tries to correct the decisions made by the company at the time of crisis or otherwise. The employees of the company give mixed and different reviews over the same discussions. Don the CEO of the company tried to find out the feedbacks with the help of consultants. While going through the case we tried to find out the main re asons for poor decision making of the company and tried to find the solutions for the same.Background: Nutrorim which was founded in 1986 by an organic farmer and his wife had been at the top of its field. Nutrorim’ s products had gained national attention and the company’s organic, performance-enhancing supplement powder Charge Up had gone through the roof due to an endorsement by a famous Olympic athlete. This lead the Nutrorim to hire hundreds of new employees, expand its production facilities and acquire two vitamin firms. Nutrorim went public in the year 1997 and by 2002 Changeup was the best-selling performance-enhancing sports powder on the market.Don Rifkin who joined Nutrorim as CEO in 1989 had tried hard to foster a happy, participatory, democratic culture at Nutrorim. Steve Ford was the head of the R&D section of Nutrorim. But during the past one year, Nutrorim had suffered from a spate of bad decisions. A consultant was hired to review the company’s decision making processes that had individual interviews with senior managers. Objectives: * Understanding the importance of objective analysis and oversight at strategic level decision making in an organisation Necessity to have a firm and clear hierarchy within an organisation for effective decision making in face of crisis. * Understand need for a Leader to identify the expertise that his subordinates have and assigning them responsibilities accordingly for running an organisation effectively. * Understanding the ineffectiveness arising out of decision making process in an organisation if it is too democratic at strategic level. Analysis: The said company was presented with an accusation that their product was making people sick.The company's options were to keep the potentially dangerous product on the shelves, which could turn into a law suit, or to accept the costs and do a recall. In meeting of the top managers there were huge disagreements on who should have the most power i n the decision-making process and there was little organized discussion and not all the voices were being heard. There was a lack of centralized leadership that was able to weigh all the voices and make a more discerning decision. The committee members were not unified on what should actually be done.Employees in positions of power did not ask the right questions to make well-informed decision. The decision to recall Charge Up was made under a lot of uncertainty and was the facts were not analyzed thoroughly before taking decision. The company knew the consequences of recalling or leaving the product on the shelves. This decision was a non-programmed decision that should be made by top managers. The situation was brought to a local radio station and the company began to panic that the information would go public ruining the company's reputation.There are too many people giving their inputs and many took the accusations personally which limited objective, productive discussions on wh at was the best action for the company to take. The company needs to name a person or a small group of people that are able to take charge in times of crisis in order to manage discussions better and make the ultimate decision. The leadership should be able to question or conduct research of cases surrounding their dilemma. The Leadership here wasn’t effective in identifying the expertise of its members which at times created conflicts within the team.Solutions: * Nutrorim lacked a definite plan for taking actions when decisions are to be taken especially when a time was a constraint. * Don was correct when he wished to have a little democratic approach to taking decisions but relying completely on consensus resulted in beating around the bush too often and wasting a lot of time. Taking multiple perspectives of looking at a problem and finding its solution can be done systematically by the process of one by one feedback but the final decision must rest on the C. E.O and the c oncerning department head as a decision taken by a majority vote may not be correct as the domain expertise of employees participating in the meeting shall be vivid (It depends on the area where the problem is arising). * In this case when Nutrorim was accused of causing gastric problems to its customers; a timely action was imperative as the name of the brand was at stake. Calling multiple meetings was a waste of time and actions should have been taken by Don as a leader himself after listening to every ones views. He should have instructed PR Director to immediately revert to the calls she got from the media person (radio station) to let the public know that since such an investigation is taking place the company gives maximum priority to its customer’s health and it shall even consider a recall till the time the investigations were completed by the health department. This action would make the public aware that the company was not trying to hide something under the carpet and it was cooperating with the health department. A decision has to be taken with all the facts and perspectives in mind and not just taken because it’s to every ones taste. Ones the rationale is clear behind the plan of action for addressing the problem at hand, the chair shall immediately ensure its timely execution. * Corporate culture was not sound. Steve’s behaviour towards Nora was inappropriate and his behaviour should have been condemned and sorted out by Don. It’s very essential for employees to work cordially for healthy functioning of an organisation. Presence of a Knowledge department in the company keeps a record of effective course of actions taken by other companies at the time of similar crisis in the past helps to take timely measures effectively. Learning from others helps in decision making. Theoretical Relations: * Bounded rationality: He could perceive that recalling the product is the only plan of action. He didn’t explore other opt ions. * Rational decision making: He measured the options, took feedbacks from the other employees, and did a thorough study before taking a decision. Pro-active personality: He takes initiatives, has decision making abilities. * Employee engagement: He engages all the employees of the company in decision making process. * Workforce diversity: There is diverse workforce in the company. Managerial learning: * A manger should understand skills of each team member and assign them responsibilities according to their areas of expertise. * Controlling power: A manager should have firm control over the decision making process in the organization and should also be an effective team leader. Coordination: A manager should be able to establish coordination among the employees. There should not be conflicts among the employees if any then manager should intervene and resolve the same. * Balance between democratic and dictatorial approach: A manager should not be too democratic as well as dicta torial in decision making. REFERENCES United States Edition , entitled Organizational Behavior, 14th Edition, ISBN: 9780136124016 by Robbins, Stephen P. , Judge, Timothy A. , published by Pearson Education Inc. , publishing as Prentice Hall 2011

Gay Macho: The Life and Death of the Homosexual Clone

â€Å" I n the sence, Gay Macho captures a moment in time, an exuberant period when gay men had thrown off the opprobrium of social stigma as failed men and widely, ecstatically, and somewhat recklessly articulated a new kind of gay masculinity. No more were gay men the â€Å"pitful effeminates† that Magnus Hirschfeld has called them, the inverts, men trapped in woman’s bodies. Gay men were real men , and their sense of themselves as gay was shaped by the same forces by which the experience themselves as men: traditional masculinity. † Pg. 1 Gay Macho, â€Å"Martin P Levine†- â€Å" Raining Men†, The Sociology of Gay Masculinity â€Å"The straight world has told us that if we are not masculine we are homosexual, that to be homosexual means not to be masculine†¦ One of the things we must do is refine ourselves as homosexuals. † – Tony Diaman (1970) Pg. 10 Gay Macho, â€Å"Martin P Levine†- The Clone as a man â€Å"All men in American culture, regardless of the future sexual orientation, learn the male gender role and sexual script, mainly because or culture lacks a anticipatory socialization for adult homosexuality. Regarding same- sex love as a loathsome aberration, the agents of socialization prepare all youths for heterosexual masculinity† – Dank (1971) Pg. 11 â€Å"Camp: a behavioral style entailing the adoption of feminine dress, speech, and demeanor. † Pg. 21 Gay Macho, â€Å"Martin P Levine†- The Birth of Gay Macho â€Å" Gay activists formulated radically different images of the postcloset homosexual (Marotta 1981, chaps. 5-6). Some gay liberationists viewed this man as a politicized hippie who eschewed traditional manliness, conventional aspirations, and established institutions. He avoided the quick sex associated with the sexual marketplace and formed instead lasting relationships. And he wore â€Å"gender fuck† attire that mixed masculine and feminine (beards and dresses). (Marotta – 1981, 144. ) Pg. 28 â€Å"The image heralded the masculinization of gay culture. Gay men now regarded themselves as masculine. The adopted manly attire and demeanor as a means of expressing their new sense of self. They also adopted this look to enhance their physical attractiveness and express improved self-esteem. â€Å" Pg. 28 Since American culture devalued male effeminacy, they adopted manly demeanor and attire as a means of expressing a more valued identity. † Pg. 28 -My question is, is what makes a man? How many times when you think of the idea of a man do you not get caught up my the idea that has been put in front of you because of the culture that we live in. As young boys are given a dress code, G-I Joe’s and swords, and taught to be kni ghts, doctors, and hero’s. What happens when one child doesn’t follow those rules, do we call him a rebel, weird, do we make up an excuse for his behavior, call him queer? The idea of a man is in us all man or woman and the expectations to live up to the idea sometimes are not as easy for some. -BUT YOU JUST WANT TO FIT IN -IS ONE SEX HOLDING BACK? J. Craik, 1994, The Face of Fashion London: Routledge pp 176-203 Fashioning Masculinity – Dressed for comfort or style: fashionless men â€Å"Men’s bodies have never simply stood for sex; consequently, their clothes never have either. Pitty the poor man who wants to look attractive and well dressed, but who feel that by doing so he runs the risk of looking unmanly. † (Steele 1989b: 61) Pg. 177 Men’s appearance has been calculated to enhance their active roles (especially occupation and social status). † Pg. 177 â€Å"The post -1960s reassertion of male fashion and male bodies. † Pg. 178 â€Å" Male fashion has been confined to particular groups and subcultures’, such as ‘gentlemen’, gays, popular entertainers, ethnic groups, and popular subcultura l groups (Almond 1988;consgrove 1989; Kohn 1989; D. Lloyd 1988). Pg. 179 â€Å"Perversely, normatively homophobic sportsmen have engages in blatantly homoerotic activities (touching, embracing, kissing, cuddling) which elsewhere they would denounce. In other words, sports have been ‘the privileged space of the legitimate gaze of male upon male (Miller 1990, pg. 82). † â€Å" Out of the sporting arena, however, the men have continued to eschew signs of masculinity and sexuality. Insofar as clothes articulate masculinity, they display attributes of strength and power rather then male sexual desire and homoeroticism. † Pg. 192 â€Å"Not only have men been reluctant to wear clothes the exude sexuality but they have also been loathe to indulge in other behavior associated with sexual display, including shopping (Pumphrey 1989: 97). Pg. 192 â€Å"Scheuring (1989) has explained the way in which the humble pair of jeans was transformed from practical, rural and blue collar work-clothes into a fashion garment synonymous with youth. † Pg. 194 â€Å" The break came in the early 1950’s when middleclass, white rock singers and film stars (such as Elvis Presely, Eddie Cochran, Gene Vincent, Marlon Brando and James Dean) adopted the Levi Strauss 501 style (with button flies) and black leather jackets to convey a ‘tough, rugged, youth-rebel appearance (Ibid. :227). † Pg. 194 The new man is a contradictory composite: one who is becoming more self-conscious of what it is to be a man, and one who sees through the farce of masculinity and all the entrappings that accompany it’ (Gentle 1988: 98). † Pg. 197 â€Å"Male models, too, make eye contact with the viewer, adopt sultry expressions, display their best masculine features, and allow their bodies to be dissected by the camera. Garber has shown that dress code have established the boundries of self through rules concerning status and gender, and the ‘anxieties’ associated with them (Garber 1992: 32). Pg. 203 â€Å"Changing conventions of men’s fashion have entailed re-worked attributes of masculinity that have transformed male bodies into objects of gaze, of display and decoration. This radically undercuts the Victorian and post-Victorian idea of masculinity as the display of restraint in a disciplined body. Finkelstein (1991: 134)† Pg. 203 â€Å" At the more extreme end of high fashion, Gaultier has, fro example, used ‘feminine’ fabrics like lace and silk, sexualized leather garments, and experimented with men’s skirts (Gentle 1988: 99). Pg. 200 â€Å"Gaultier’s collec tions have created controversy because they question and undermine definition of masculinity by creating clothes that are effeminate. (Tredre 1992a: 8). † Pg. 200 A. Bennett, â€Å"Fashion†, 2005, culture and everyday Life, London, Sage pp95-116 Fashion and Masculinity- â€Å"Men’s appearance has been calculated to enhance their active roles’ (Ibid: 176). † Fashion and ethnic identity- â€Å"Fashion also plays significant role in the articulation of ethnic identity in contemporary everyday settings. As back notes, ethnic identity, as with other forms of social identity, can no longer be regarded as â€Å"real† or â€Å" essential† but is rather a ‘multi-faceted phenomenon which may vary through time and place’ (1993: 128). † Pg. 113 * most of the time people with other ideas for the norm are not liked by others. * Masculinity stereotypes * Stereotype: a widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing : the stereotype of the woman as the carer | sexual and racial stereotypes.

What Does It Take to Get into the University of Denver?

The University of Denver accepts 58% of applicants. What does it take to get in? Located in south Denver, the University of Denver boasts being situated in what’s becoming one of the trendiest cities in the U.S. Just a short drive to the iconic Rocky Mountains, the University of Denver takes advantage of both its urban resources and natural splendor to provide an enriching private education for its students. Beyond its advantageous setting, the University of Denver also offers a distinct women’s college that female students can opt into, where they’ll receive all the benefits of a single-sex college as well as the resources available to the co-ed school. Given its small size, students can expect to receive more individualized attention then they would at larger, nearby colleges such as UC Boulder. The University of Denver is the perfect school for any student who wants a small college feel with access to an urban social life and incredible outdoor activities. Keep reading to learn more about the tips that have helped ’s students get into the school that’s perfect for them. Apply to DU using either the institution-specific Pioneer Application or the Common Application . While you should choose the application format you’re most comfortable with, we generally recommend that you use the Common App, since you’ll be able to quickly and easily reuse parts of your application when applying to other schools. We’ve written an extensive guide, so be sure to check out The Common App: Everything You Need to Know . The University of Denver has several decision and deadline options: If you’re unsure about whether you should apply early, check out our post Early Action vs. Early Decision vs. Restricted Early Action . To apply, be sure to send in all of the following: For homeschool students: You will be required to submit a letter of recommendation from a non-family member. For international students: If English is not your first language, you’ll need to demonstrate your proficiency through TOEFL, IELTS, or CAE scores. You can also supplement your application with a video interview to confirm your English proficiency, and you will want to send test scores for any secondary high school programs such as IB. Last year, the University of Denver’s acceptance rate was 58% . DU received 19,904 applications last year and admitted 11,554 students. Of those, 1,504 students actually enrolled, making it similarly selective to schools like Illinois Institute of Technology and Texas A&M University . While there’s a good chance you’ll be admitted, you should still take the application process seriously and make sure that every part of your application is as strong as possible. One way to increase your chances is to get help from people who have been through the process before. Connecting with someone who has successfully gained admission to a school like DU can make the difference between rejection and acceptance. Estimating your chance of getting into a college is not easy in today’s competitive environment. Thankfully, with our state-of-the-art software and data, we can analyze your academic and extracurricular profile and estimate your chances. Our profile analysis tool can also help you identify the improvement you need to make to enter your dream school. DU uses a holistic review process to choose students with potential and who will contribute to the DU community. Use your application to highlight your strengths in the following areas. Academics. DU places a greater emphasis on GPA than it does test scores, but the admissions counselors will consider both when evaluating your application. The average GPA for incoming freshman was a 3.7, with the middle 50% of applicants falling between 3.47 to 4.0. The average SAT score was 1265, with the middle 50% earning scores between 1170 and 1370. The average ACT score was 28, with the middle 50% earning scores between 26 and 31. Extracurriculars. DU doesn’t care what activities you were involved in throughout high school, but they do want to see that you pursued something you were interested in with passion and excellence. This could mean taking a leadership position at your school, starting a new organization or initiative, or being recognized for your talents through awards and recognition. Whatever you do, show why those activities were meaningful to you and how you went above and beyond in following them. Character. It’s important that you give the DU admissions officers insight into who you are and what your strengths are. Write a compelling essay that focuses on an accomplishment or strength that you are proud of, and choose recommenders who can highlight strengths beyond what you could cover in your essay alone. Contribution to Community. DU is explicitly looking for students who will engages with their community. Show how your strengths and experiences will enrich the student body and how you’ll engage with the campus and the surrounding community. You can highlight how you’ve contributed to communities in the past through service or leadership. Every application is different, but over the years we’ve seen these strategies give our clients applications that are three times more likely to gain favorable admissions results. Tell your story. The University of Denver explicitly say that they give a lot of weight to your essay, extracurriculars, and supplementary materials, and the admissions counselors are looking for bright, motivated students who will make the most of their education. Whatever you don’t include in your application, they won’t know about, so make sure you highlight your strengths, your values, and your passion throughout your application. Partner with recommenders. Most students choose a recommender and let the recommender do all the work, but you need to make sure that every piece of your application is strong. Choose recommenders who can complement your essay by highlighting a different aspect of your character, such as athletic coaches or work/volunteer supervisors. Give your recommenders all the help they need to make their letters flow with the rest of your application. Enhance the themes of your completed application. A seasoned admissions counselor will review your entire application in about nine minutes and evaluate it. If you want them to remember something positive about you, then you’ll need to mention it throughout your application, not just once and hope that they remember. Try this strategy—finish your application at least a week early and leave it alone for a few days. When you return to it, read the whole application in nine minutes. What stood out to you? What wasn’t clear or could be improved on? Then make those improvements. The University of Denver receives applications from more qualified applicants than they can accept, and they work hard to make sure the DU is affordable for the students they admit. If you find yourself facing a no-thank-you at the end of the admissions process, don’t be too hard on yourself. Bright, motivated, resourceful students will find success, or create it, anywhere they go. The University of Denver doesn’t appear to have a formalized decision appeals process. However, we do not recommend that you petition your decision, as across most schools, decisions are rarely reversed. You are eligible to apply for transfer for any of the academic quarters, and DU is very open to transfer students, adults returning to complete their degrees, and other types of nontraditional students. That said, you’ll still need to complete an application via the Pioneer App or Common App, include your college transcripts with at least a 3.0 college GPA, and, if you’ve completed less than a year of college, you’ll want to include your standardized test scores as well. You can reapply after taking a gap year, but this path is riskier than simply committing to another school and requesting to take a gap year there. To see if a gap year is right for you, visit our posts, What Are the Pros of Taking a Gap Year? and What You Need To Know When Applying to Colleges After a Gap Year . By far, we recommend looking at another great school and making the most of your time there. Consider applying for other Colorado schools such as the University of Colorado – Boulder or Colorado College. For advice on adjusting to a different college path, check out our post Envisioning a New Future: Preparing for Life at Your Second-Choice (or Third, or Fourth) School . The University of Denver is a great option for dedicated students. If you’d like more personalized advice on your admissions profile, offers College Applications help , where you’ll be paired with a successful mentor at a top school who helps you along every step of the application process.

Strategic Channel Plan for Startech company Essay

Strategic Channel Plan for Startech company - Essay Example With increased uptake of technology in the 21st century, many businesses are beginning to redefine their business channels with the previously existing channels being done away with and a surge in consumer to business channels. This has not only seen a change in business, marketing strategies but has also seen a growth in new businesses and also a formation of relationships that tend to lean on consumer satisfaction by most business. For a business like Startech the internet is of huge rewards to them as they can expand their business to reach clients from all over the world, in addition clients can easily access their services via the web and they clients can have ease of access to the Startech customer support who would help them with products and services and most important consumers can now access quality goods and services as well as Startech can maintain contact with the customers. For any company that is operating in a dynamic environment such as that Startech is operating in the channels of business need careful consideration and several factors need to be put into careful consideration. The most important factor in this is the clientele. What does the clientele mostly need and does the business have it? Such careful consideration will help the organisation set mechanisms and frameworks that will help the clients access the goods and services. It also helps the firm come up with considerations on what channels they will set up. To begin with we shall study the marketing channels by looking at the strategy, framework and the functions. A marketing channel is the link that a business has built to see te transfer of goods from the point of manufacturer to the point of consumption. Marketing channels are generally involved in the transfer of ownership and are important to any business organisation as they facilitate the linking of the producer and the consumer of the goods. Through the various marketing channels and through the transfer of ownership of the goods the producer is able to understand and note the needs of the consumers and work towards meeting them. It is also important in that it helps n organisation come up with a pricing mechanism by factoring in all the costs involved in the transfer of the goods from the producer to the consumer, a firm is able to come up with prices that will enable them maintain their margins as well as ensure the goods and services are competitive in the market. A marketing channel also incorporates several factors into it by being involved in the promotion and advertising of the particular goods that is up for sale. Through marketing channels, firms are able to boost and increase their sales in the business which subsequently leads to better revenues and profits. The marketing channels are normally conducted by a department in an organisation or by an independent company tasked with the mandate of ensuring that the company’s goods and services are fast moving in the market. The marketing channel is also known as the distribution channel and is overall involved in activities that promote brand loyalty and brand visibility. The marketing channel of a business also institutes policies and frameworks that are geared at helping the business achieve its short term and long term goals as far as sales are concerned through setting targets and acting in line with company goals and objectives. There are normally three types of communication channels. Th e communication channel which is involved in the exchange of information between the producers and

Literature and Film Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Literature and Film - Coursework Example Sile finds a wife and Stride faces his opponents and overthrowss them. However, both the stories do not end in the hero's glorifications. While Sile gets a wife, his other conflict is a notorious boy in debt of him and while Stride gets pass the cowboys, he still needs to avenge himself from those wanting him dead. This is concluded by someone else's dignity or courage being sacrificed to actually uphold the hero's glory. Sile's wife decides to finish off once and for all someone in debt of him through beating him up, thus gaining the fear of being in debt to Sile by the entire Zongo steet. Stride on the one-hand, held bait the Greer's by letting them go into town as his messenger, only to find Mr. Greer dead, but his enemies in hot pursuit of him, falling into his bait of luring them into the desert. In the end of both stories, one is left thinking if both heroes actually deserve to be called the heroes. Because, inasmuch as they altogether attained self actualization and peace of m ind in the end, the underdogs and the people they have outwitted actually did the dirty job for them. The difference between Mallam Sile and Seven Men From Now is their portrayal of a strong hero. In Mallam Sile, the hero is ironically puny and small, almost helpless, but gets his way at the end. In Seven Men From Now, he is a brave cowboy, dashing, fearless and wise but also is brave enough to face a cowboy "duel". The conclusions also vary by Sile getting his peace and restoration, while Stride, chasing after his sheriff position, in which the audience is left hanging if Stride actually makes it or not. Sile's love interest also becomes his wife while Stride's was left hanging in the end. Was there retribution at the end Definitely, and that is the biggest similarity of both the film and the story. It is a matter of the good guys finishing on top while the bad guys die, perish, or made to pay debts. Where is That Voice Coming From and Bullitt The overpowering similarity in the film and in the story, is again in the character. Although the dilemmas, the means of killing and the moral compasses of the stories were also similar, one justification boils down to the characters' essential trait: Indifference. Both characters are indifferent to the fact that what they are doing is actually getting a human life. They have been indifferent, to a certain point, so as they do their job well, achieve their goal and actually affirm themselves, whatever the means they do it so, and without consideration of the people involve. Of course, both means were by shooting. The essential difference of the two, is that Bullitt actually contemplates his guilt at the end, but, does he repent We do not really know for sure. On the one-hand, the protagonist of Where is That Voice Coming From actually owns up to his killing and is actually happy about doing so. Their drives and motives for killing are also very different. In Where is that Voice Comi ng From, the actual motive could be deeply rooted through hatred and envy, it could even be a racial slur. But in Bullit, the motive to kill was actually to do his job, and to bring about justice to the other people criminals have killed in turn. Second-guessing oneself is an essential theme in both the stories as well. In Bullitt, it literally is second guessing-that is having the wrong person accused of

Adult stem cells Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Adult stem cells - Essay Example Stem cells are responsible for tissue or organ formation during prenatal life, and also for further growth. They are also responsible for repairing and regeneration of internal body system. This internal replenishing system works continuously throughout our life span. These cells display important attributes, which distinguishes them from normal cells. The cell division of stem cell gives rise to new stem cell or turned into specialized cell with definite function such as a muscle cell, a red blood cell, or a brain cell. In vivo or in vitro stimuli activate these cells to acquire special functions by becoming part of tissue- or organ-specific cells. Stem cells in the gut and bone marrow are at continuous task to repair and replace injured or eroded tissues, and therefore they multiply regularly by a process of cell division. In the organs like the pancreas and the heart, they are generated under certain physiologic conditions (http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/basics/basics4.asp). The ma jor breakthroughs in stem cell research will able to figure out clearly the development of an organism from a single cell. The most of the work is reported on two types of stem cells embryonic stem cells and non-embryonic stem cells. There is a recent introduction of genetically "reprogrammed" stem cell termed as induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) in 2006. Stem cell therapy is administered through local delivery or systemic infusion, of autologous or allogeneic cells. This aids in restoring the viability or functioning of damaged and malfunctioned tissues (Lu, Zhang & Jin, 2009). Non-embryonic stem cells are also called as ‘adult stem cells’. They are undifferentiated cells, found throughout the body of animals and humans in differentiated tissue or organ after the embryonic growth. They are also termed as somatic stem cells which are responsible for building different specialized cell types. These cells play pivotal

Media for Marketing and Advertising Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Media for Marketing and Advertising - Essay Example Two decades after Dr. Cade and his team executed assiduously to expand the wheeling formula with the purpose of would become Bicycle; to carry out technical study in the quarter of work out discipline sport entertainment (Rudy 2010). Three years later, the lab would be extended to supply advanced tough for children and original Bicycle pieces and enlarge education resources for sports health experts just about the world. Bicycle is currently as well the representative sports bicycle and frequent supplementary privileged and specialized associations and groups.Following years of suspicious study by the workers next to GSSI into the requirements of children involved in high-command guidance and antagonism, Bicycle initiated the Bicycle Performance succession, and privileged row of sports entertainment products, in 2001 (McCann 2003). These products comprise Bicycle. Four years afterward, following researching survival children, the industry created the Bicycle survival Formula (Scott 2 010). Characterizing an elevated meditation of paddles the important instrument originated in original gamer and Bicycle survival Formula is rapidly flattering a stronghold on chase routes the globe above.Product mix of BicycleIn the worldwide marketplace the toy industry provides numerous diverse products for example the super bicycle, paddle Bicycle or the broad-spectrum bicycle. It’s the bicycle with the practical entertainment. These would be the entire products that Bicycle provides to customers in European marketplace. Contemporary market

Clean Snows of Petawawa Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Clean Snows of Petawawa - Assignment Example Captain Kearney, the unit’s C.O., dismissively ignores the atrocities committed by the forces under his command and only asks the community to move on, which is lack of empathy as a normal human being could have only offered an apology and duly compensate the villagers for the loss. In his discussion with the tribal leaders, the captain reflects the American Grand Narrative in which American policy focused on a commitment to global leadership whereby a policy of interventionism is the order of the day with any errors and misjudgments committed being carried out in good faith (Ashbrook, 2010). For this reason, the attitude shown by the captain, when talking with the tribal leaders, shows that he considered the errors committed by the platoon under his command as done in good faith. In this case, the soldiers accidentally killed innocent villagers although the overall the overall objective of helping the community live in peace after years of atrocities committed by the rebels that the coalition forces were fighting justified the killings. Peacekeepers in Somalia, the author engages in a discussion by tracing the story in which Canadian peacekeepers engaged in violence against Somalis with the atrocities committed by the Canadians disappearing from Canada’s legal and national cognizance. To Razack (2000) the Canadian grand national narrative of ‘clean snows’ and peacekeepers who are supposed to be innocent contributed to the disappearance of the atrocities committed since the Canadian forces could not commit such atrocious acts to other human beings based on the country’s grand narrative. To recap, the story involves Canadian forces from the base in Petawawa who were sent as peacekeepers to perform their duties in Somalia. As peacekeepers, they were expected to maintain peace, in the Somali War of 1992, and it was the expectation of the world and Canadians to have their soldiers act.

Analysis and Interpretation Statistics Project Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Analysis and Interpretation - Statistics Project Example The independent variable of the study is â€Å"attending religious services† while the dependent variable is â€Å"political views†. The study mainly duels on correlation and regression for data analysis. The correlation coefficient is important in showing whether and how strongly religious service attendance and political views are related. Because the study is linear in nature, Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient is necessary to measure the direction and strength of the linear relationship between religious service attendance and political views. The value of Pearson’s correlation coefficient is influenced by the distribution of the independent (attending religious services) variable in the sample. The descriptive results show that the mean and the standard deviation of the study are 4.19 and 1.404 respectively. The sample size for the study is 703. Taking 95% confidence interval, DF1 and DF2 are 8 and 694 respectively. This shows the difference of means between the groups with a significant level of 0.05. The p-value is the probability of obtaining a test statistic at least extreme as the one that was actually observed (Cronk, 2008). The p-value of the study is 0.01 at 95% confidence interval. The error term of the study is the mean square=1.853 with the harmonic mean sample size of 66.899. The harmonic mean is used in the study because the group sizes are not equal. The harmonic mean result shows that 66 out of 703 of the people interviewed attend religious services several times in a year. The confidence interval of the study is 95%. This shows that there is 95% confidence that the real value is within the calculated interval (mean). The Pearson correlation coefficient is 1. This means that there is a strong positive correlation between religious services and political views. The correlation coefficients across all the age groups also show positive results.  

Individual Solve a Problem Paper Essay Example for Free

Individual Solve a Problem Paper Essay This document PHL 458 Week 2 Individual Solve a Problem Paper has solutions of the following question: Write a 1,050- to 1,400-word paper in which you use the creative process to solve a problem with which you have experience. Include the following: †¢ Describe each stage in the creative process using Ch. 5 of your text. †¢ Search for a personal challenge. Explain how you used the techniques to develop curiosity in your search (see Ch. 6). †¢ Express the problem created by this personal challenge (see Ch. 7). Refine your expression of the problem by considering multiple perspectives and deciding which expression is best. Include both the initial and the refined version. Justify your revision. †¢ Investigate the problem by obtaining necessary information (see Ch. 8). List the questions must answer to understand the problem. Identify a source of information to answer each question. †¢ Conclude your investigation with a thorough explanation of the problem, including answers to each of the questions you identified. †¢ Produce ideas toward solution of this problem (see Ch. 9). List all of your ideas—whether they are ridiculous or serious is not important. †¢ Discuss the two ideas that you think are the most imaginative, original, and positive potential solutions to the problem. †¢ Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. General Questions General General Questions Write a 1,050- to 1,400-word paper in which you use the creative process to solve a problem with which you have experience. Include the following: Describe each stage in the creative process using Ch. 5 of your text. Search for a personal challenge. Explain how you used the techniques to develop curiosity in your search (see Ch. 6). Express the problem created by this personal challenge (see Ch. 7). Refine your expression To get this material Click this link https://bitly.com/12CdUy1 Avoid distractions when you are in class. Sure, it may be tempting to send a text or write a note in class, but by becoming distracted, you are not going to learn. You can prevent distractions by limiting what you bring to class with you; for instance, leave your cell phone in your dorm. General Questions General General Questions Write a 1,050- to 1,400-word paper in which you use the creative process to solve a problem with which you have experience. Include the following: Describe each stage in the creative process using Ch. 5 of your text. Search for a personal challenge. Explain how you used the techniques to develop curiosity in your search (see Ch. 6). Express the problem created by this personal challenge (see Ch. 7). Refine your expression of the problem by considering multiple perspectives and deciding which expression is best. Include both the initial and the refined version. Justify your revision. Investigate the problem by obtaining necessary information (see Ch. 8). List the questions must answer to understand the problem. Identify a source of information to answer each question. Conclude your investigation with a thorough explanation of the problem,mincluding answers to each of the questions you identified. Produce ideas toward solution of this problem (see Ch. 9). List all of your ideas—whether they are ridiculous or serious is not important. Discuss the two ideas that you think are the most imaginative, original, and positive potential solutions to the problem. Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines.

Inclusion of Children With Disabilities

Inclusion of Children With Disabilities Contemporary research and theoretical perspectives concerning the best way to cater for children with Special Educational Needs in early childhood years in the United Kingdom favour inclusion of children with most kinds of disability within the mainstream educational setting. This position is strongly leveraged by English legislation which has strengthened the endorsement of inclusion over the past 20 years, as will be seen in the body of this paper. The sense in which ‘inclusion is meant when used in Ofsted position papers or policy documents or embraced by Local Educational Authorities and espoused on local Council websites, is for children with reported emotional, physical or psychological disadvantage, to be accommodated within the existing structures of early childhood and primary school settings. The term ‘inclusion has been noted for its susceptibility to ambiguous usage, as it may refer to enhancing partnerships between children and parents in the educational process, or â€Å"concerned with minimising all barriers to learning and participation, whoever experiences them and wherever they are located within the cultures, policies and practices of a school.† In this view, â€Å"there is an emphasis on mobilising under-used resources within staff, students, governors, parents and other members of the schools communities. The diversity of students is stressed as a rich resource for supporting teaching and learning.† Moreover, more recently inclusive education has been viewed as â€Å"disabled and non-disabled children and young people learning together in ordinary pre-school provision, schools, colleges and universities, with appropriate networks of support.† The tension between the more precise usage referring to provision of mainstream educational access for children with special educational needs (SEN), and the broader sense of the term as a reference to removing all types of exclusion on the basis of class, gender, race or religion, has been noted in a report averring that â€Å"whilst schools at the time the project began were increasingly being encouraged to become more inclusive and were able to access guidance on approaches to developing inclusive practices, this required them to make sense of often different and frequently nebulous definitions of ‘becoming inclusive in various texts. Some of these texts, for example, understood inclusion specifically in relation to children identified as having special educational needs. Others saw it as an issue not simply in special needs education, but in provision for all groups of children who had historically under-achieved in the education system, a version of inclusive education related directly to the governments wider ‘social inclusion agenda concerned with ensuring that all social groups participated in the opportunities and activities of ‘mainstream society. Nonetheless, The Centre for Inclusive Education has outlined attributes of an educational setting marked by an ‘inclusive ethos. Some notable features include: â€Å"valuing all students and staff equally; increasing the participation of students in, and reducing their exclusion from, the cultures, curricula and communities of local schools; restructuring the cultures, policies and practices in schools so that they respond to the diversity of students in the locality; reducing barriers to learning and participation for all students, not only those with impairments or those who are categorised as `having special educational needs; learning from attempts to overcome barriers to the access and participation of particular students to make changes for the benefit of students more widely; viewing the difference between students as resources to support learning, rather than as problems to be overcome; acknowledging the right of students to an education in their locality; improving schools for staff as well as for students; emphasising the role of schools in building community and developing values, as well as in increasing achievement; fostering mutually sustaining relationships between schools and communities and recognising that inclusion in education is one aspect of inclusion in society.† In addition to this helpful delineation, this charitable research body has distinguished the social model of disability, (which they favour as more equitable), from the medical model of disability, (which they deem to be outmoded and more prone to promote exclusion). The charter states, that â€Å"according to the social model of disability, barriers to learning and participation arise from the interactions between learners and the learning environment or from the nature of the setting itself. This contrasts with a medical model in which disabilities and difficulties are attributed to inherent ‘deficits in individuals to be identified and treated as ‘abnormal in segregated settings.† The rationale for inclusion is usually posited â€Å"because children whatever their disability or learning difficulty have a part to play in society after school. An early start in mainstream playgroups or nursery schools, followed by education in ordinary schools and colleges, is the best preparation for an integrated life. Education is part of, not separate from, the rest of childrens lives. Disabled children can, and are, being educated in mainstream schools with appropriate support.† The imperative for Special Educational Needs children, from an early childhood age on, to be accommodated within mainstream educational settings, is also supported by its representation as a matter of human rights. The assertion that all children have a right to learn and not be discriminated against is endorsed by disabled adults who demand an end to segregation right across the social spectrum. Further arguments to support the current political posture with regard to mainstreaming SEN children, focus upon the educational benefits to those with special needs, suggesting they do better academically and socially, as well as assisting educational resources on the whole to be used more efficiently. Moreover, the social imperatives include the conviction that segregation and exclusion teaches children to be ignorant and prejudiced, making the bridge building process of normal relationships beyond their grasp and therefore more difficult in later adult life. Finally, it is noted that inclusion confronts â€Å"deeply held, false beliefs about the impossibility of ever including all children in mainstream, the supposedly ‘huge expense of full inclusion, and the so-called sanctity of parental choice.† Recent legislation since approximately 1990 has had a profound effect upon the educational policies and provision of education for early childhood years SEN children. The Education Act 1993 (section 160) was subsequently consolidated into the Education Act 1996 (section 316). In 1993 the general principle that children with special educational needs should, (where this is what parents wanted), normally be educated at mainstream schools was enshrined into law, conditional on school to accommodate needs of both SEN children and mainstreamed children. Moreover, the statement emanating from the UNESCO world conference in Salamanca, Spain in 1994, urged all governments to â€Å"adopt as a matter of law or policy the principle of inclusive education, enrolling all children in regular schools, unless there are compelling reasons for doing other wise.† The new British government in 1997 published ‘Excellence for All Children Meeting Special Educational Needs, which embodied a strategy to improve standards for pupils with specials educational needs. The policy, ‘Meeting Special Educational Needs A Programme of Action was published in 1998. It undertook to review the statutory framework for inclusion in conjunction with the Disability Rights Task Force. The Task Forces report ‘From Exclusion to Inclusion published in 1999 recommended â€Å"a strengthened right for parents of children with statements of special educational needs to a place at a mainstream school†. The Special Educational Needs and Disability Act 2001 apparently delivered a strengthened right to a mainstream education for children with special educational needs. The Act has amended the Education Act 1996 and transformed the statutory framework for inclusion into a positive endorsement of inclusion. The Act seeks to enable more pupils who have special educational needs to be included successfully within mainstream education. One implication is that in theory at least, parents who have early childhood SEN children have a genuine right to choose either mainstreaming or dedicated SEN schooling for their child. In addition to the implementation of these legislative measures, the SEN specialist standards have been designed as an audit tool to help teachers and headteachers to identify specific training and development needs in relation to the effective teaching of pupils with severe and/or complex SEN. The statutory framework for SEN leaves no doubt that the presumption of the law is that children with special educational needs should be educated in mainstream schools. The Education Act 1996, reinforced through an amended regulation inserted by the SEN and Disability Discrimination Act 2001, makes this principle clear: ‘Where a statement of special educational needs is maintained for a child, then he or she must be educated in a mainstream school, unless that is incompatible with the wishes of his or her parents, or the provision of efficient education for other children. In so stating, the law formalises what has been increasingly the practice in the majority of LEAs over the last decade. In this context, use of the word ‘inclusion leads frequently to confusion, since the same noun is also applied to a raft of policies designed to secure the full participation in society (social inclusion) of people deemed for a variety of reasons to be ‘at risk. Clearly, not all pupils with SEN are at risk of social exclusion, though some are; equally clearly, not all children at risk of social exclusion have SEN. The process of diagnosis of children for SEN classification is is some ways problematic. According to the Audit Commission (2002), â€Å"One in five children a total of 1.9 million in England and Wales are considered by their school to have special educational needs (SEN). Despite the significant numbers involved, they have remained low profile in education policymaking and public awareness. National targets and performance tables fail to reflect schools work with them and a lack of systematic monitoring by schools and local education authorities (LEAs) means that poor practice may go unchallenged.† The Wrexham County Borough Council website illustrates the process of diagnosis. â€Å"Only a small percentage of children with special needs require a statutory assessment and a statement. The SEN Code of Practice identifies a staged approach to meeting the special needs of children. Schools are required to adopt a graduated response to special needs that include a range of strategies and varying levels of intervention. As a parent you should be informed by school if your child has special educational needs and how these needs are being met. The SEN Code of Practice identifies the stages of identification and meeting special educational needs as follows: Monitoring, Early Years Action/School Action , Early Year Action Plus/School Action Plus, Statutory Assessment and Statement of Special Educational Needs.† The existence of an annual review is heartening from a stigmatization and needs equity perspective. Ones childs â€Å"statement will be reviewed annually. The LEA will notify the school when your childs review should take place and the school will set the date and organise the review. The purpose of the review is to look at the progress made over the previous twelve months in relation to the objectives on the statement.† The Derby LEA illustrates the role of statutory authorities. â€Å"A statutory assessment is a detailed investigation to find out exactly what your childs special educational needs are and what special help your child needs. It is only necessary if a mainstream school or early education setting cant provide all the help that your child needs.† Issues pertaining to gender, social class, culture and language have been well addressed byu Topping. â€Å"Despite the focus on social and educational inclusion and on ‘joined-up thinking the discourses of SEN and of equal opportunities, in terms of race and gender, have remained distinctly discrete. Although the literature on learning difficulties and disability sometimes makes reference to ‘social class, the gender or ethnicity (‘race) of pupils is rarely mentioned. Similarly, research on ethnicity and gender issues rarely acknowledges Special Educational Needs (SEN) and disabilities.†

Bobby Knight Essay -- Coach Coaching Bobby Knight Essays

Bobby Knight In the San Juan heat of 1984, coaching legend Bobby Knight became infamous for his assault on a Puerto Rican security guard over a practice time during the Olympic preliminaries (Biography 2). Headlines of one of the most famous college basketball coaches of all time haven’t come to an end since. The veteran coach from the state of Ohio has since thrown a chair across a gym floor, been video taped choking a player, and assaulted school employees and fellow students on the campus of Indiana. He has been in heated arguments with anyone from school presidents to the media after heart breaking losses. Scrutiny and controversy have followed Bobby Knight ever since he brought his disciplined style of basketball to the scene of college athletics. Love him or hate him, Bobby Knight is one of the most controversial and talked about coaches of all time. He steals the headlines and spotlight no matter where he is which leaves a fine line in public opinion. The criticism of Knight and actions were displayed very strongly by J.C. Watts in the Sporting News magazine. J.C. Watts is a well respected and known Republican Representative of the state of Oklahoma. He was an All-American college football player at the University of Oklahoma and has been around strong traditional athletic programs ever since his collegiate career (Watts 1). In his article My Turn which appeared in the January 12, 2004 edition of the Sporting News, Watts voices his opinion on Bobby Knight as an outsider looking in with strong incite. Watts, like many individuals, feel that the NCAA (National Collegiate Athletic Association) and the general public have seen enough antics from Bobby Knight. He believes the tirades and disruptions of coll... ...an most coaches could even dream of. The guy is a winner, competitor, disciplinarian, and most importantly a great individual. Oh, and he may just be the greatest college basketball coach of all-time! Works Cited Caldwell, Christopher. â€Å"Knight Falls.† National Review 9 Oct. 2000: 30. Ebsco Host. Academic Search Premier. Indiana University. 14 Apr 2004 . Watts, J.C. â€Å"Knight’s Act is Old, Even in a New Year.† The Sporting News 12 Jan 2004: 7. Lexis Nexis. Academic Search Premiere. 14 Apr 2004 . Outside the Lines. College Athletics. ESPN. Bristol, CN. 2001. Biography of Bobby Knight. 2000. A&E Biography., .

Inclusive Infinity and Radical Particularity: Hartshorne, Hegel and Nis

Inclusive Infinity and Radical Particularity: Hartshorne, Hegel and Nishida ABSTRACT: God, or in Nishida’s case Buddha-nature, is frequently conceptualized as relating to the world by including it within the Infinite. Particular elements within the world are not seen as existing in absolute differentiation or total negation from Spirit, God, or Absolute Non-Being. The Many are not excluded but are, on the contrary, included within the One. The logic by which the One includes the Many is a logic of manifold unity, or, as Hegel quite confidently puts it, true infinity as opposed to spurious infinity. I will argue that such a logic of inclusive infinity is operative in Hartshorne, Hegel and Nishida. Each uses different terminology and writes with different systemic emphases, but as applied to God or the Ultimate, the function and consequences of the logic of inclusivity are strikingly similar for all three philosophers. Although infinite inclusivity provides a way of unifying the chaotic diversity of existence into a rational totality, there are central questions that have remained unanswered in the three metaphysicians. Primary among them is the question that sums up within itself many of the others: the problem of radical particularity. The particular elements of the world which are claimed to be included within the parameters of the Ultimate are just that: particular fragments of reality. I argue that their particular nature makes it impossible for the Infinite to incorporate them within its purview without raising serious difficulties. God, or in Nishida's case Buddha-nature, is frequently conceptualized as relating to the world by including it within the Infinite. Particular elements within the world are not seen as ex... ...oblem of including evil but of including within God's essence contradictory experiences such as joy and sorrow, pain and pleasure at the same time. Is it really possible that the Ultimate fully experience each element it contains even when there are a myriad number of elements of the opposite type? Yet the problem of radical particularity is even deeper. It is not just a matter of including evil, nor of including contradictory experiences, but of including any finite experience within the Ultimate. The Infinite cannot become finite because finite things are finite. I will concede that there may be a metaphysical solution to the problem of radical particularity that may have eluded the present analysis. I have not proven that inclusive Infinity is impossible, merely that there is a significant problem with its conceptualization that has not been adequately addressed.

Elements Of Fiction :: essays research papers

Elements of Fiction When you read a story, you are reading a work of fiction. FICTION is writing that comes from an author’s imagination. Although the author makes the story up, he or she might base it on real events. Fiction writers write either short stories or novels. A SHORT STORY usually revolves around a single idea and is short enough to be read in one sitting. A NOVEL is much longer and more complex. Understanding Fiction CHARACTERS are the people, animals, or imaginary creatures that take part in the actions of the story. Usually, a short story centers on events in the life of one person or animal. He or she is the main CHARACTER. Generally, there are also one or more MINOR CHARACTERS in the story. Minor characters sometimes provide part of the background of the story. More often, however, minor characters interact with the main character and with another. Their words and actions help to move the plot along. The SETTING is the time and place at which the events of the happen. The time may be the past, the present, or the future; day or night; and any season. A story may be set in a small down or a large city, in a jungle or an ocean. The sequence of events in a story is called the PLOT. The plot is the writer’s blueprint for what happens in the story, when it happens, and to whom it happens. One event causes another, and so on until the end of the story. Generally, plots are built around a CONFLICT-a problem or struggle between two or more opposing forces. Conflicts can be as serious as a boy’s attempt to cope with his father’s illness or as humorous as a teacher’s struggle with a foreign language. The struggle between two opposing forces is called a CONFLICT. Every story has it. The conflict makes you keep reading the story to learn the outcome of the struggle. When one character fights another character or battles nature, the conflict is referred to as EXTERNAL CONFLICT. When the struggle takes place within the character, it is an INTERNAL CONFLICT. Although the development of each plot is different, traditional fiction generally follows a pattern that includes the following stages: EXPOSITION - Exposition sets the stage for the story. Characters are introduced, the setting is described, and the conflict begins to unfold. COMPLICATIONS - As the story continues, the plot gets more complex.

Black Swan Evaluation

Destiny palmer Professor Vicki Schwab 10/26/2012 English 101 Evaluation Essay The Black Swan Evaluation Essay Perfection is a dream chased by many, but only a few ever achieve it. More often than not, reaching that level of flawlessness requires great sacrifice. â€Å"The Black Swan†, directed by Darren Aronfsky, is a captivating psychological thriller set in the world of New York City ballet. The Movie received high ratings and Natalie Portman, who played the lead role of Nina, received praise for performing a majority of the dance scenes herself without much help from a stunt double.The real controversy comes a week after the movie is available on DVD when Portman’s stunt double, Sarah Lane, claims that it was actually she who did the majority of the dancing. According to Lane, Portman’s dramatic transformation into a ballerina – a story firmly at the center of her successful Oscar campaign- was not as impressive as the public was led to believe. â€Å" I mean, from a professional dancer’s standpoint, she doesn’t look like a professional ballet dancer at all and she can’t dance in pointe shoe. And she cannot move her body; she’s very stiff,† says Lane. Katrandjian) She claims that they [the directors and producers] only wanted for Portman to win an Oscar, and that’s their reason for falsely claiming that Portman danced. Otherwise it would not have been that effective of a movie. Others claim that it is not the dancing that won Portman an Oscar, but the way she portrayed an innocent, fragile, and sheltered adult-child who morphs into something perfect and unrecognizable at a fatale expense. â€Å"Black Swan† stars Natalie Portman as Nina Seyers, a featured dancer who is casted as the Swan Queen in the production â€Å"Swan Lake†.Nina is a quiet girl with an innocent demeanor, but also has hallucinations which are why her mother keeps her confined. She strives for perfection, but in order to get the part as the swan queen, she must show herself capable of playing the black swan. The black swan part requires her to not only â€Å"losing herself† but to be â€Å"seductive† in the dance. The audience is able to see the transformation of Nina throughout the movie. Nina’s life is a parallel to the production in which she is dancing. She is pure like the white swan, but later transforms into the polar opposite.She becomes the black swan towards the end of the movie and achieves perfection but only in death. Nina has a thirst for perfection, and it is this thirst that takes her to the edge and ultimately out of her innocence and into adulthood. Jen Chaney, a publisher for the Washington Post, noted â€Å"What impressed me the most about Portman’s work in â€Å"Black Swan†- and, I, suspect, most critics and Oscar voters- was the way she convincingly portrayed a fragile young woman descending into madness. The dance part of it nev er factored into my assessment of her performance†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Chaney).Elizabeth Vargas, an anchor on Good Morning America, hosted an interview with Sarah Lane and others concerning the controversy. Vargas asked Jess Cagle, managing editor of entertainment weekly, â€Å"Do you think that any of the people that voted for Natalie for best actor for the Oscars would not have voted for her had they known that she didn’t do all the dancing for the movie? † Cagle replied â€Å"I can guarantee that it would definitely hurt Natalie Portman, and there was a lot of great dancing that Sarah Lane did that enhanced this performance and helped Portman win an Oscar. (Natalie). The way that a stunt double works is that the director would cast someone of similar height and weight and they would dance in that scene, and later they would digitally graft the face of the actor/actress onto the body. Portman’s face was superimposed onto Lanes body through special effects called â €Å"face replacement† in crucial dance scenes to make it appear as if it were Portman performing the sophisticated moves. The stunt double signs a contract that explains that she might not be featured in the credits. I am unable to say if Lane completely understood the contract.It is possible that lane is unfamiliar with the film industry but slandering the film and actors in it could prevent her from ever being casted as a stunt double in any future major films. It was unprofessional and Lane was told when casted that she wouldn’t receive out right credit. Others feel differently, they feel that Lane should defend the honor and hard work that dancers put into their line of work. Nikol Klein, a professional Ballet dancer, coach, and blogger wrote on her website â€Å"Whoever did the dancing in the movie is not the reason it won anOscar. I understand {as a dancer] that some in the dance community feel that Natalie Portman won the Oscar for her â€Å"Upper Body† portrayal of a dancer, but if you truly watch the film you will see that it is far more than that. Natalie Portman received a much deserved Oscar for her work as an Actress, not as a dancer. In fact, if you watch the movie again you will see that there really isn’t much dancing in the movie at all. Has Lane seen the movie? So why the controversy? One thing that we dancers have is pride.Our profession feeds off of acknowledgement and acceptance. † A lot of what Lane is upset about is how she feels that Portman is claiming that you can become a ballerina in a year in a half. Although this is untrue and was never stated by Portman, actors and actresses do go through intense training for their part. For example, the movie â€Å"Walk the Line†, a film about the life and career about Johnny Cash, Reese Witherspoon actually had to learn to sing like June Carter Cash. Oscars like these are often handed out for full artist transformations.It is part of what acting involve s, which is why the audience saw Reese Witherspoon win an Oscar for â€Å"Walk the Line†. Anytime an actor can mold them into something they’re not, real talent is shown and Oscars are given. It’s been done time and time again. It has been said repeatedly that if Natalie had been honest about her lack of actual dancing, she probably would not have won. When did she ever lie though? In countless interviews I watched, Natalie has always acknowledged the fact that there was indeed a stunt double; they all had one. Needless to say, it was about the transformation that took place.Portman spent year and a half training for this part and had lost a significant amount of weight in order to show the actuality of a ballerina. Lanes statement were followed by a rebuttal in a March 23 2011 L. A Times article in which Portman’s then fiance (now husband), and Black Swan dance choreographer, Benjamin Millepied said Lane’s work in the film was far less significant . â€Å"There are articles now talking about her dance double that are making it sound like [lane] did a lot of the work, but really, she just did the footwork, and the fouett? , and one diagonal [phrase] in the studio,† he said, â€Å"honestly, 85% of that movie is Natalie. † â€Å"Black Swan† editor Andy Weisblum agreed to take a closer look for â€Å"20/20. † â€Å"There are about 35 shots that are full body shots in the movie. Of those 35 shots, 12 are Natalie, and then the rest are Sarah,† Weisblum said. â€Å"But over the overall film, Natalie did a lot more than that. I mean, she did most of the other shots. It was sometimes hard for me to tell the difference as the editor, it was so close. † (Zakarin).As I researched the background history, I came across this statement from Darren Aronofsky, â€Å"Here is the reality; I had my editor count the shots. There are 139 dance shots in the film – 111 are Natalie Portman untouched,â €  he said â€Å"28 are her dance double Sarah Lane. If you do the math, that’s 80% Natalie Portman. † (Zakarin). The point is this movie is one hour and 48 minutes long. Regardless of how many shots were of Lane or Portman, we all know for a fact that 100% of the acting was Portman which Is what makes â€Å"Black Swan† an Oscar winner.

Dress for Succes

When I think of the phrase â€Å"Dress for Success! † I think of a person getting ready or preparing for a big job interview. Like when person goes to a job interview wearing a muscle shirt and shorts for a job that requires you to cook food. Or when a person wears super fancy clothes to an interview that requires you to clean bathrooms. â€Å"Dressing for success† is like a guide telling you what you might need to wear to make a good impression. Dress for success means to dress for the occasion. You want to dress for the occasion because you don’t want be out-of-order. An example of this is going to church in pajamas. That is an example of dressing out-of-order. Schools are even making their dress codes better. They don’t want the kids to dress themselves in tank tops and super short shorts. Some girls do that just to fit in. Those girls are dumb. Dressing for success doesn’t only apply to job interviews, but for many other things. If you’re running for long distances, you don’t want your everyday clothes to slow you down. How coul you fix this simple problem? You could get the appropriate clothes for running and it would help you by taking off unneeded weight and make you not get tired as quickly. When you are applying for a job interview, you should look nice. If you want to get a job at a bank, you should wear nice pants and a nice shirt, or a dress. If you are applying for a job at Hot Topic you could probably wear a T shirt from your favorite band and skinny jeans. Avoid too many body piercings though. When you go to a job interview or someones funeral you have to dress with respect. And nice. You don’t want your butt or boobs hanging out. You want people to think your decent and well-behaved. Another example is when you wear a tank top and some booty shorts to school. That’s not a good thing to wear. You got to wear non-distracting clothes. When you come to school you don’t really have to dress for success but you don’t want to come looking a hot mess. Come looking decent. I think dressing for success is important because people will make assumptions about you. If you’re in Wal-Mart and you’re wearing old pajamas with holes in them in all the wrong places, people will think you’re weird. If you’re at a school dance, casual, and you wear a wedding dress, people will think you’re lame and weird. If you go to prom wearing a dressing robe, people will NOT dance with you. When I think of dress for success I think of†¦ Say you wanna go to Adventure. Your friends are dressed in booty shorts and tank tops but there are hundreds of people they’re looking at you, is that really how you wanna dress? People don’t want to see girls in booty shorts walking around at the age of 11 or 12. I think people should dress a certain way. One reason is if you own a fortune 500 company and you wear flip-flops and a tank top. The workers won’t take you seriously.

Jazz and Poetry Essay

There are many different types of music in the world, and each one is different because of certain characteristics that help to make that genre stand apart from all the others. One of these genres is Jazz. Jazz is a type of music that was created mainly by black Americans during the early twentieth century, and is a combination of American and African tribal music. There are many different characteristics that set Jazz apart from every other kind of music, but there are three main distinctions; the first is its particular combination of rhythm, melody and harmony, second is the subtle differences that make every Jazz player almost instantly recognizable and finally is the way that Jazz players interact and react with their surroundings, they do not simply play a designated set of notes. The first characteristic that helps to make Jazz so different from other genres of music is the rhythm, melody and harmony. Not only do these apply to the music of the Jazz era though, these same rhythms can be found in some of the poetry of that time. One of the poems that demonstrates a particular rhyme is T.S. Eliot’s â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock.† In this Eliot does not stick to a common rhyme scheme like some of the more simple poems. He does use end-rhyme, but it does not alternate for every line, sometimes there are two or three lines that have no rhyme between two lines that do. It is because of this unorthodox rhyme scheme that his poem relates to the seemingly random rhythms of Jazz music. Another poem that shows harmony similar to that of Jazz is â€Å"The Tropics in New York† by Claude McKay. In this he uses a simple end-rhyme scheme, and alternates with each line. But the way he has written the poem it seems to flow endlessly, not causing the mind to drift or to become confused. These are only two out of the thousands of poems that display the first characteristic of Jazz music. The next attribute of Jazz music is the subtle differences that musicians would put in that would make each player distinguishable from the next. One poet who demonstrated this quality greatly was Langston Hughes. Hughes was one of the most prolific and successful African-American poets of the 1920’s. In each one of his poems he would display his great pride for his heritage, as well as his displeasure with the oppression he witnessed. One of his poems that greatly illustrates this quality is â€Å"Refugee in America†.  In this poem he speaks of â€Å"sweet and wonderful words like Freedom†, and how he thinks about it every day. He goes on to say that there are words like Liberty that nearly make him cry. This shows his great resentment of the oppression of his race. Another one of his poems that shows his strong pride for his heritage is â€Å"The Negro Speaks of Rivers†. In this poem Hughes illustrates how his race has been around for thousands of years and has known rivers all across the globe. By this he is stating that his race has been everywhere and will continue to last, just as the rivers of the world. But that is not the last trait that spans across both the music and literature of that era. The final Jazz characteristic which can be found in literature from that time period is the way that the musicians would flow almost randomly throughout the music, reacting to the audience, as well as their band mates, and not simply playing a single, designated set of notes. One of the first examples that comes to mind is William Carlos Williams’ â€Å"The Great Figure†. This poem seems to make almost no sense, and have no reason for being written. It is the simple story of a fire truck going through the city on a rainy day. There were not too many styles of music, or literature, which produced poems as seemingly random, yet meaningful as the Jazz era. Another example of this is by the poet Hilda Doolittle, who is actually said to be the creator of the Imagist style of poetry. In Doolittle’s poem â€Å"Heat† she speaks of a wind that is coming through to cool down the heat. She says that the fruit will not all in thick air, and that the wind will cut the fruit down in its path. Like previously stated, the combination of rhythm and melody, the ability to distinguish between Jazz musicians and the seemingly random flow of music are only three attributes of Jazz. These is an entire list of things that can be said about Jazz that sets it apart from all other genres of music. But these three characteristic go to show how the Jazz music of the early twentieth century was very similar to the poetry and literature of that era.

Terror and Repression in Nazi Germany

One of the key proponents of Nazi ideology was a promise to birth a new Germany. This promise of national rebirth resonated strongly in the early 1930s, when the Weimar Republic was shaken to the core by economic and political crisis. At the centre of the Nazi vision stood the ‘national community’, depicted as the polar opposite to the conflict- ridden Weimar society. In a speech witnessed by the nation in January 1932, one year before his appointment as German chancellor, Adolf Hitler concluded that the resurrection of Germany depended on the creation of a ‘healthy, national, and strong’ community.But Hitler made clear that not everyone would be allowed to join: those who endangered the ‘body of the people’ had to be ruthlessly excluded. This was no joke. Hitler and other Nazi leaders had talked for years about the need to ‘cleanse’ Germany of various ‘community aliens’ (Gemeinschaftsfremde). Only by removing from soci ety all that was alien, sick, and dangerous, they claimed, could the uniform ‘national community’ emerge. Nazi leaders had no complete plan for the execution of their devastating vision.But it was clear that they envisaged, from early on, a fierce campaign of repression, targeting three groups in particular: political opponents (predominately left), social outcasts, and ‘racial aliens’ (Jews). Well before they gained power, the Nazis believed that an extensive policy of exclusion was needed for national salvation: their dream of a brighter future for Germany was always a dream of terror and destruction for those unfortunate enough to stand in the way.After Adolf Hitler was appointed chancellor of Germany on January 30, 1933, he took every opportunity to turn Germany into a one-party dictatorship. He also strategized carefully to arrange the police power necessary to implement his long-term policies of racial purification and European conquest both inside an d outside the legalities of the German constitution. On the night of February 27-28, 1933, a mentally disabled Dutch citizen set fire to the German parliament building, the Reichstag.Hitler and his propaganda minister, Joseph Goebbels, presented the incident as the prelude to an armed Communist uprising and persuaded the then President Paul von Hindenburg to establish what became a permanent state of emergency. This decree, known as the Reichstag Fire Decree, suspended the provisions of the German constitution that protected basic individual rights, including freedom of the press, freedom of speech, and freedom of assembly.The decree also allowed increased state and police intervention into private life, allowing officials to censor mail, listen in on phone conversations, and search private homes without a warrant or need to show reasonable cause. Essentially, the lives of all German citizens were controlled, and repression was vehemently practiced. Under the state of emergency esta blished by the decree, the Nazi regime could seize and detain citizens without reason and without restrictions on the length of imprisonment.Nazi policy against those on the borders of society involved various forms of discrimination. Social outcasts were excluded from an ever increasing number of benefits—from marriage loans to social housing—and those still on welfare had their benefits cut dramatically. Numerous cities established special ‘colonies’ where ‘anti-social’ and ‘degenerate’ families, were forced to live in a strictly controlled environment. On top of this, regional and national centers were set up to collect data on suspected individuals, such as abortionists and homosexuals.This was not just about keeping an eye on them. It was also supposed to aid their detention, and inject even more terror into a country stricken with it. Hitler and the Nazi regime also resorted to simple and extra-legal terror to intimidate opp onents (in a political sense). Nazi paramilitary formations, such as the Sturmabteilungen or SA, more commonly known as Storm Troopers and the Protection Squads (Schutzstaffel or SS), had been established during the 1920s to terrorize political opponents and to protect Nazi leaders.After the Nazis came to power, many members of these units were recruited as auxiliary policemen and given license to beat or kill persons at any given time, who they deemed to be opponents. Gleichschaltung was a word made up by the Nazis to describe their plans to establish totalitarian control over German political, economic and social life. By 1934, almost 1 million Germans gathered around the nation to declare a personal oath of loyalty to Hitler. For those who were not so enthusiastic, the Nazi reign of terror began almost immediately.Following their assumption of power, the Nazisswayed the state via propaganda, legal exclusion, intimidation, imprisonment and murder to eliminate any opposition to the ir revolution. After the Reichstag fire, socialists, communists and Democrats were taken to Dachau, one of the first Nazi concentration camps. The brutal reputation of Himmler’s secret police ensured that people who did not actively support the Nazis were too frightened to oppose them. While Gleichschaltung was used to describe the legal measures taken by Hitler and the Nazis from 1933 to 1934, this process continued until all aspects of German society were under Nazi control.By 1937, the Nazis controlled Germans’ political, cultural and social lives to an unprecedented degree. â€Å"The period from 1933 to around 1937 was characterized by the systematic elimination of non-Nazi organizations that could potentially influence people, such as trade unions and political parties. The regime also challenged the influence of the churches, for example by instituting the Ministry of Ecclesiastical Affairs under Hanns Kerrl. Organizations that the administration could not elimi nate, such as the schools, came under its direct control. †

Structure of organization Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Structure of organization - Case Study Example Under such desperate circumstances, the company executives should move from the vertical organizational structure to the flat organizational structure. Under this system, the coordination between the employees will increase, the functional processes will get integrated and the organizational goals will get aligned with the individual goals. Hence, this will result in Aquarius agency turning into a learning organization that will foster increased employee empowerment and increased customer satisfaction. Analysis of the Current Structure of the Organization Presently, the company is running under the tall structure of organizational hierarchy. According to this structure, there are three comprehensive departments such as marketing, Operations and Accounts. These major departments are supported by 2 one men departments that are, Human Resource and Finance. This structure was a best fit for the organization previously since it created provision for specialized tasks, well defined guideli nes for the employees, proper job description for each employee and a high power distance. Due to the present tall organizational structure, there are few teams in the company and functions are characterized by centralized decision making procedures. These features of the organizational structure enable the higher management to wield power and take decisions in the most professional and judicious way (Daft, 1991). However, the present system is also creating a big cloud of problems as the clientele gets involved and communication gaps begin to widen up. The miscommunication between the cross functional supervisors due to mismanaged communication networks has led to employees being constantly disgruntled by the current functioning of the organization. It is quite evident that the account executive is fed up of the constant direct communications between the clients and the specialists like those of marketing and operations. These direct meetings between the clients and the organizatio nal specialists led these employees to trespass their domains of authority and make decisions without consulting their executives. Since this phenomenon is not considered appropriate under the implemented organizational structure, this created serious problems in the value chain of the company and in the coordination in the business functions. This not only perturbs the organizational setting but also hurts the company reputation as the customers are unable to receive their desired value on time (Daft, 2003). The high power distance also led to delayed decisions and lack of coordination between the various organizational entities. These problems ultimately led to extreme job dissatisfaction for the employees like the accounts executives. The limited domain of authority of individual employees resulting from high power distance also made functional problems for the company. The plethora of problems experienced by the organization ultimately led to disgruntled customer base which subs equently led to fewer sales. Under the vertical structure employed by

Managing Human Resources (Reflecting on the issue raised by the Sales Essay

Managing Human Resources (Reflecting on the issue raised by the Sales Manager) - Essay Example These are important in order to build a successful manufacturer - sales agent relationship". Sales representatives also give importance to product package, quality product lines that are competitive in terms of effectiveness and affordability. They are particular in the quality and delivery of the products and most importantly, sales people seek to represent organization that has proven integrity and are supportive of agents (Spiegel 2006). While looking at the factors mentioned, sales management can conduct teambuilding for the sales representatives. Sales people are so vital to the organization that it is important to invest in them. Management should make the sales people feel they are important. Bonding and trust in each other are created during team building and sales people always look forward to this kind of activity. Feeling a sense of belonging make them stay long in the organization. Sales planning should also be conducted in a venue outside the company. In this particular activity, people give their sales commitment with the corresponding action plan that they would take to insure the achievement of the sales target. Improvement in the sales performance is observed after a sales planning. A medium-size streamer is displayed conspicuously at the lobby on the way to the conference room where orientation for new employees takes place. The text on the streamer says, "At NL&C, you're in good hands. We insure your future through the 401 (k) Retirement Plans". At this stage when new employees have just begun an episode of their lives with NL&C, they will know that obviously the streamer is exclusively for their curious eyes and questioning mind. The streamer was placed along their path for them to see and feel the caring hands of NL&C from the start and through their stay with their newfound company. Apparently, as in-charge of employees' benefits, I think I was able to effectively put the message across. My purpose of putting 401 (k) retirement plans in the text is to stir the curiosity of the new employees. Many of them, especially the first timer or those who come from another company which does not offer the same privilege, would ask what 401 (k) is. I understand that although 401(k) will benefit them, there will be a lot of questions and some opposition. I have to give them advance information of what will be discussed during the orientation. I want them to be excited so that the appetite to listen attentively will prevail as soon as they enter the conference room. After some explanation of the company rules and regulations, its time for the new employees to hear why it is worth partnering with NL&C. 401(k) along with other benefits will be explained this way: First of all, there are protections and benefits that go with the new workers everyday while they work with the company. On top of them there is the 401(k) retirement plans which afford them of a long term benefit. A portion of their salary will be put aside for their

Art and gender Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Art and gender - Assignment Example Men are depicted to be more aggressive and adventurous than women. Conversely, women are portrayed as more affectionate and nurturing (Bar-on et al, 2001). They are also ‘sex objects’; they are shown wearing skimpy clothing most of the times and tend to be pursued sexually more often than men. The message also emphasizes the physical appearance of the women, depicting them as passive and seekers for men attention. These views are consistent with Kalof research findings (Bar-on 191-194). Notably these are not the only images of gender roles young men and women are exposed to while enjoying the visual entertainments. Music video No More Drama by Mary J. Blige tries to depict women in a more empowering manner. The gender stereotypes images shown does not necessarily affect different views by both male and women. Kalof study involved young, educated white college students; thus this result does not apply to other racial groups, social classes or people with less education. In addition Kalof (378-385) study focused to prove if sexual images on videos affected people based on their gender. However, in her article she refers to the participants as women or men, which are terms used to describe one’s biological sex rather than male and female. In light of this indistinctness one’s biological sex can probably be the link to one’s sexual attitudes and not the

Womens Rights during the industrial revolution Essay

Womens Rights during the industrial revolution - Essay Example The industrialization has made a powerful impact on the vast and rapid economic growth of the country. Among the key factors that enabled economic development were creation of the unified system of railroads and the invention of telephone and telegraph which made it easier to transport and control the manufacturing all over the country, mechanization of the production processes and implementation of more effective production methods such as labor specialization. Moreover, growing population consisting of the immigrants and farmers who moved to the cities in the search of better conditions for work as well as bank loans and investments provided constant and sustainable flow of cheap working hands and vast financial resources (History of the United States Industrialization and Reforms, 2014). All this has contributed to the expansion and intensification of international trade and the development of â€Å"big business† (e. g., John Fockeffelers Standard Oil Company) and corporati ons. At the end of the 19th century corporations with their â€Å"mass production† of such items as, for example, weapon, have promoted America to one of the greatest industrial powers in the world (Melosi, 2008). The industrialization has also influences great changes in social life. Looking for better conditions of life and work people moved from farmlands to the cities where the core production was concentrated. Nevertheless, rising urbanization also brought the increase in poverty as the salaries of workers were extremely low which also made them live in the places called â€Å"tenements†. The life in tenements â€Å"fostered disease, high infant mortality, and horrific levels of pollution, and were often the site of racial and ethnic strife† (SAT U. S. History, 2011). Such conditions of life in America as availability of job and greater political freedom attracted many immigrants from the foreign countries. It is reported that between 1870 and 1916 about 25 million people have

Marketing Opportunity of Kralogie Germany Essay

Marketing Opportunity of Kralogie Germany - Essay Example Aside from expanding its coiffeur's network, the company should consider entering into a contract with its tie-up coiffeurs not to sell other hair care products like Wella and Sebastian. Â  It is also possible for the company to keep its distance closer to the consumers by allowing the product to be sold in hair salons, hyper- and supermarkets, health and beauty outlets, and throughout the different malls in Germany. Â  Also, the price of the product is considered to be very expensive on the part of the consumers. Considering that Wella and Sebastian are very active in selling hair care products, KÃ ¨rastase should make the price of its products competitive. Â  KÃ ¨ralogie’s product advantage over the other hair care brands is the fact that KÃ ¨ralogie products are known for its ability to tackle hair related problems such as dandruff. This gives the product a medicinal image. Â  Since the majority of its existing customers are females between the age brackets of 35 to 65 and are earning their own personal income, the company should start using fresh and famous personalities in advertising KÃ ¨ralogie products. Based on several reports, using famous personalities in advertising hair care and other related products could effectively increase the company’s annual sales. Since the quality of KÃ ¨ralogie products has been proven effective in treating hair related problems, the company could use sophisticated and good looking individuals with long hair to advertise the medicinal effects of KÃ ¨ralogie. Â  Q3 The recommended selling price for KÃ ¨ralogie products is basically the purchase price for the product plus a 100% markup. Considering the current competition in the hair care market, do you think it is still possible to apply the same pricing method today? Explain the reasons for your answer. Â  

Animal testing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Animal testing - Essay Example The same government that recommended safety medical test using animals has now provided a contradictory law against animal use in the scientific experiments. Animal rights activists and ecologists have ganged up to protect the welfare of animals by all means. After experiencing the suffering of a frog during a dissection practice lesson in high school, the urge to re-evaluate the consequences of animal testing was unavoidable. The hypothesis of this paper is that animal testing is an unethical practice that should be replaced with alternative medical research procedures. Activists such as Abbot have commended the efforts of the European Centre for Validation of Alternative Methods that will liberate animals from their current burden. By taking a multi-point view, this essay aims at evaluating the pros and cons of animal testing from a neutral ground to expose in black and white the nature of this procedure. Consequently, the readers of this paper will experience an unbiased conclusio n based on the real matters in the animal research practice. Animal Testing in Medical Research My concern for animal testing started right from my high school experience when the anatomy class was required, as part of the curriculum, to dissect a frog and analyze it. I could not figure out the reason for the excitement that the anatomy students displayed throughout the whole experience. I was keen to observe the discomfort of the frog during the dissection process and I realized that animals too, just like human beings, are sensitive to pain. When the entire process was complete, it was the happiness of every student to finally relieve the frog from this torture. Later, I came to learn that the procedure of dissecting a frog was conducted for every anatomy class, not only in my high school, but in most other institutions in the world. In addition, I learnt that animals have been used for a long time not only for dissection but also as test subjects for almost every medicine that hu man beings consume today. This experience of frog dissection in high school has a direct connection with the widespread practice of animal testing that has all along seen animals under experimentation. Although animal experimentation has its own benefits in the medical sector, it is a great source of animal suffering, which should also be a concern for any civilized nation. The complexity of this situation can only be resolved if various dimensions of this issue are carefully evaluated. Animal experimentation is a scientific procedure that has grown slowly but consistently since the evolution of scientific research. The underlying fact is that physiologists in the 17th century saw animal research as a new platform to advance the biological and medical knowledge. This scientific procedure emerged when the scientists identified unique similarity between the toxicology effects of drugs in both humans and animals. Rowan, a writer of the scientist magazine, points out that although the d egree of the effects varied in the two species, scientists found that these differences were minimal and could not hinder the adoption of this procedure. Their concern was to find a testing method that would provide empirical and statistical evidence without subjecting human beings to any harm. The argument was that the human species have the highest priority when it comes to medical research. In these