The Role of IBM in the History of Computers

This chapter in the History of Modern Computers finally brings us to a famous name most of you will have heard of. IBM stands for International Business Machines, the largest computer company in the world today. IBM has been responsible for numerous inventions having to do with computers. IBM - Background The company incorporated in 1911, starting as a major producer of punch card tabulating machines. During the 1930s, IBM built a series of calculators (the 600s) based on their punch-card processing equipment. In 1944, IBM co-funded the Mark 1 computer together with Harvard University, the Mark 1 was the first machine to compute long calculations automatically. The IBM 701 - General Purpose Computer The year 1953 saw the development of IBMs 701 EDPM, which, according to IBM, was the first commercially successful general-purpose computer. The 701s invention was due in part to the Korean War effort. Inventor, Thomas Johnson Watson Junior wanted to contribute what he called a defense calculator to aid in the United Nations policing of Korea. One obstacle he had to overcome was in convincing his father, Thomas Johnson Watson Senior (IBMs CEO) that the new computer would not harm IBMs profitable punch card processing business. The 701s were incompatible with IBMs punched card processing equipment, a big moneymaker for IBM. Only nineteen 701s were manufactured (the machine could be rented for $15,000 per month). The first 701 went to IBMs world headquarters in New York. Three went to atomic research laboratories. Eight went to aircraft companies. Three went to other research facilities. Two went to government agencies, including the first use of a computer by the United States Department of Defense. Two went to the navy and the last machine went to the United States Weather Bureau in early 1955. Features of the 701 The 1953 built 701 had electrostatic storage tube memory, used magnetic tape to store information, and had binary, fixed-point, single address hardware. The speed of the 701 computers was limited by the speed of its memory; the processing units in the machines were about 10 times faster than the core memory. The 701 also led to the development of the programming language FORTRAN. The IBM 704 In 1956, a significant upgrade to the 701 appeared. The IBM 704 was considered an early supercomputer and the first machine to incorporate floating-point hardware. The 704 used magnetic core memory that was faster and more reliable than the magnetic drum storage found in the 701. The IBM 7090 Also part of the 700 series, the IBM 7090 was the first commercial transistorized computer. Built in 1960, the 7090 computer was the fastest computer in the world. IBM dominated the mainframe and minicomputer market for the next two decades with its 700 series. The IBM 650 After releasing the 700 series, IBM built the 650 EDPM, a computer compatible with its earlier 600 calculator series. The 650 used the same card processing peripherals as the earlier calculators, starting the trend for loyal customers to upgrade. The 650s were IBMs first mass-produced computers (universities were offered a 60% discount). The IBM PC In 1981, IBM created its first personal home-use computer called the IBM PC, another milestone in computer history.

Why Engineering Is The Career Best For A Friend With...

I always wanted to get my hands working, whether it be playing with Legos, building computers, or just helping a friend with school projects. I enjoy creating and designing the next best thing or improvements on existing products. These qualities points to engineering as the career best suited for my interest, with mechanical engineering being the field perfect for my skill sets. However, this career is not a full proof plan. Just like any other profession, it has some downsides and problems. Some problems in this field include: a shortage of engineers, lack of proper education, and jobs being lost to robots. These problems can get worse in time as the population rises and as technology advances. Even though we live in a world of technology run by engineers and mathematicians, we do not have as many engineers as we need. One reason we can look at is the lack of motivation that an engineering undergrad is facing. â€Å"A major contributor to the lack of student interest can be attrib uted to the inability of existing STEM teaching techniques to relate STEM concepts to the real world† (Caglar, Aniruddha, Shashank). This means that the techniques being used to teach engineering is not related to the actual real world lessons engineers have to know. It can get confusing and boring to the students knowing that the courses they are taking have nothing to do with what they are actually going to do. Thus, it leads to more dropouts and more transfers. â€Å"The United States faces anShow MoreRelatedResearch Experience For High School Students : A Retrospective Analysis1569 Words   |  7 PagesWomen Faculty in Engineering and Technology at Historically Black Colleges and Universities Angel Lyles-Grayer Klein Oak High School Houston, TX Mentor: Rochelle L. 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Contemporary Music Analysis and Speculation free essay sample

It sounds as if they are made of plastic or wood. The squeaky sound continues and becomes more regular and frequent. Added to it is a sound similar to a xylophone. Hear objects being struck that produce different tones, medium in pitch. The mood of the piece gradually changes into a darker aura. Deeper, lower pitched percussion begins to take over as the most-noticed sound in the piece. This low percussion gets louder and more frequent, leading into some high pitched sounds that resemble an object striking wooden planks.Soon after, I begin to notice the sound of trumpets or some other brass instrument backed by low pitched percussion, such as a bass drum. The brass is joined by what sounds like a squeaky hinge for a short time. The metal-on-metal sound heard here is very distinct. These sounds gradually fade away as the piece becomes more silent. The instrumentation becomes more drone-like, resembling the beginning of the piece. We will write a custom essay sample on Contemporary Music Analysis and Speculation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page After the period of reduced volume, hear several instruments making short, fast sounds. The drone style continues, as the short, fast sounds are clearly the secondary focus.The first sound identify sounds like a human blowing into a long tube. Next I hear a flute and what sounds like a high pitched electric motor speeding and slowing. This transitions into high pitched, continuous percussion, which sounds like cymbals. The brass heard before continues but now it is much more continuous and drone-like. After a while the volume gets louder, while the sounds continue in a drone fashion. The sounds fade away, but as the piece ends hear springs creaking and a human inhale. As a listener I can categorize this piece into the collage category. Eel that while listening am among a collection of objects and am free to observe any one of them at any given time. Steve Reich O come out The piece begins with a mans voice saying l had to like open the bruise up ND let some of the bruise blood come out to show them. At first the voice sounds closer in space. After a few repetitions, the come out to show them part is repeated over and over again. As this phrase repeats, I get a sensation of the voice moving from left right and then within space the sound moves farther away, creating an echo effect. This pattern continues for some time. As I keep listening I notice a strong difference between the left and right channels. The right channel is distinctly preceding the left. As the piece progresses the speed increases. The increase in speed creates a beat effect here the voices sound almost like percussion. Another spatial effect suddenly occurs that brings the left and right channels more in unison, creating another sensation of the sound moving around in space. This time it sounds as if it moves from left to right behind my head. As the speed increases more, the sound of the mans voice becomes more musical and less decipherable as speech. It is now very difficult to understand the individual words. The speed of the speech is still increasing. The only recognizable elements of speech are now come and show. After a while it sounds as if he speed of the repetitions are decreasing once again. Again, this affects the sensation of the sound in space. Shortly after notice the decreasing speed, the speed increases again. This time it is faster than it was before. The speed keeps increasing to where show is the only recognizable element of speech. Suddenly, a spatial effect begins that sounds like the sounds are swirling around me.Now the speed has increased so much that there are no longer any recognizable speech elements. The repetition almost sounds mechanical. My mind pictures a large saw and the back and forth sound that it produces. In addition, the lower tones resemble a large quantity of buzzing bees in a closed chamber. The sound is still blending together to produce a more constant sound. The volume of the sound begins to slowly decrease. The higher pitched sound is more prominent and is the last sound that notice as the piece fades to silence. Greg Kelley-I The piece begins with a medium high pitched tone that sounds like a sine wave.The piece progresses into intermittent distortion that gradually becomes stronger. The distortion sounds like a chain saw or mechanical, metallic sound. The distortion is lower pitched than the tone. The high pitch is sustained with no periods of silence or pauses. The piece is highly repetitive with alternating periods of the tone alone and the distorted tone. The distortion varies in pitch and intensity. Sometimes it is very intense and annoying to the listener, and other times the distortion is low intensity. During periods of high intensity it has strong bass tones and sounds overdriven.The duration of this piece was one of my first observations. It IS much shorter in length than the first two selections. I may speculate that the season for this is warranted by the limited number of musical sounds and instruments utilized in this piece. I speculate that the artist desired to highlight the characteristics Of certain sounds and thus kept the piece short and simple. This piece exhibits a slightly negative effect on the listener. My roommates commented that the sounds were annoying as I played the selection on the speakers.As a listener find myself comparing music of this style and its vast contrast with the music I typically listen to for pleasure. It also makes me curious to try producing music like this on my own in my spare time. Greg Kelley- II As this piece begins I hear quiet sounds that sound like a human kissing a glass bottle. Next hear a sound that resembles static on a TV or radio. Later there is a squeaky sound added. The squeaky sound makes me think of a circular saw when I first hear it. I also hear an extended sucking or kissing sound.This piece is very repetitive and sporadic with alternating periods of silence and sound. The sound the bottle makes has a deep echo that suggests it is a large bottle. Towards the end of the piece the sounds become much more long and sustained. This piece is noticeably much shorter in duration hen compared to the first two selections. Also, the variety within the selection of changing instruments and different types of sounds is limited when compared to the other selections. As a listener, this piece is difficult to describe because of its lack variety from the listeners point of view.I also find that it affects me least among the four selections. However, as with the other Kelley piece, find the methods used to create the music intriguing and am motivated to explore those methods in my spare time in attempting to create music with everyday objects. Two Running Violet V Forms While walking through the eucalyptus trees adjacent to Madeleine hall, one cannot help but notice the part of the Stuart Collection that is titled Two Running Violet V Forms These are a pair of objects that are constructed of steel and a blue material.They resemble large volleyball nets. When looking through the blue mesh, ones perception of the trees is altered. The blue nets are held up by several steel poles that are about 4 inches in diameter. When attempting to form a theory about the purpose of the nets, one can ponder that they could be used to hold the trees in place (especially useful during Indy weather such as we have had recently) or to catch stray giraffes. The nets make a V shape that form an approximate angle of 60 degrees to each other, creating an effect that makes them point in a certain direction.When viewed from the sky, the V forms are not visible at all whatsoever, as the thick tree covering obstructs them from view. When walking past the V forms, they undoubtedly gain your attention. Large in size, they are hard to miss and evoke thoughts pondering their purpose as one walks by. In dividing the V Forms into parts, I can identify eight distinct parts. Steel poles that hold up he nets, the nets themselves make up each Of the 4 sections, eight in total. Contemporary Music Analysis and Speculation free essay sample The piece begins with about 3 sounds occurring concurrently. I can identify a guitar or similar string instrument distinctly. I also hear a wind instrument drone. As the piece progresses, I hear random noises in the background. These begin with an object sliding down a wire, creating a downward scale effect. High pitched piano that is low In Intensity is heard. Suddenly I hear a squeaky, high pitched sound that sounds Like squeaking on glass with wet fingers. This Is soon followed by clinging objects such as keys.It sounds as if they are made of plastic or wood. The squeaky sound continues and becomes more regular and frequent. Added to it is a sound similar to a xylophone. I hear objects being struck that produce different tones, medium in pitch. The mood of the piece gradually changes into a darker aura. Deeper, lower pitched percussion begins to take over as the most-noticed sound In the piece. We will write a custom essay sample on Contemporary Music Analysis and Speculation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This low percussion gets louder and more frequent, leading Into some high pitched sounds that resemble an object striking wooden planks.Soon after, I begin to notice the sound of trumpets or some other brass instrument backed by low itched percussion, such as a bass drum. The brass is Joined by what sounds like a squeaky hinge for a short time. The metal-on-metal sound heard here is very distinct. These sounds gradually fade away as the piece becomes more silent. The instrumentation becomes more drone-like, resembling the beginning of the piece. After the period of reduced volume, I hear several Instruments making short, fast sounds. The drone style continues, as the short, fast sounds are clearly the secondary focus.The first sound I identify sounds like a human blowing into a long tube. Next I ear a flute and what sounds like a high pitched electric motor speeding and slowing. This transitions into high pitched, continuous percussion, which sounds like cymbals. The brass heard before continues but now it is much more continuous and drone-like. After a while the volume gets louder, while the sounds continue In a drone fashion. The sounds fade away, but as the piece ends I hear springs creaking and a human inhale. As a listener I can categorize this piece into the collage category.I feel that while listening I am among a collection of objects and am free to observe any one of them at any given time. Steve Reich 0 Come Out The piece begins with a mans evolve saying l had to Like open the bruise up and let some of the bruise blood come out to show them. At first the voice sounds closer in space. After a few repetitions, the come out to show them part is repeated over and over again. As this phrase repeats, I get a sensation of the voice moving from left right and then within space the sound moves farther away, creating an echo effect. This pattern continues for some time. As I keep listening I notice a strong difference teen the left and right channels. The right channel Is distinctly preceding the left. Effect where the voices sound almost like percussion. Another spatial effect suddenly occurs that brings the left and right channels more in unison, creating another sensation of the sound moving around in space. This time it sounds as if it moves from left to right behind my head. As the speed increases more, the sound of the mans voice becomes more musical and less decipherable as speech. It is now very difficult to understand the individual words. The speed of the speech is still Increasing. The only recognizable elements of speech are now come and show. After a while it sounds as if the speed of the repetitions are decreasing once again. Again, this affects the sensation of the sound in space. Shortly after I notice the decreasing speed, the speed increases again. This time it is faster than it was before. Ere speed keeps increasing to where show is the only recognizable element of speech. Suddenly, a spatial effect begins that sounds like the sounds are swirling around me.Now the speed has increased so much that there are no longer any recognizable speech elements. The repetition almost sounds mechanical. My mind pictures a large saw and the back and forth sound that it produces. In addition, the lower tones resemble a large quantity of buzzing bees in a closed chamber. The sound is still blending together to produce a more constant sound. The volume of the sound begins to slowly decrease. The higher pitched sound is more prominent and is the last sound that I notice as the piece fades to silence.Greg Kelley I Ere piece begins with a medium high pitched tone that sounds like a sine wave. The piece progresses into intermittent distortion that gradually becomes stronger. The distortion sounds like a chain saw or mechanical, metallic sound. The distortion is lower pitched than the tone. The high pitch is sustained with no periods of silence or pauses. The piece is highly repetitive with alternating periods of the tone alone and the distorted tone. The distortion varies in pitch and intensity. Sometimes it is very intense and annoying to the listener, and other times the distortion is low intensity.During periods of high intensity it has strong bass tones and sounds overdriven. The duration of this piece was one of my first observations. It is much shorter in length Han the first two selections. I may speculate that the reason for this is warranted by the limited number of musical sounds and instruments utilized in this piece. I speculate that the artist desired to highlight the characteristics of certain sounds and thus kept the piece short and simple. This piece exhibits a slightly negative effect on the listener.My roommates commented that the sounds were annoying as I played the selection on the speakers. As a listener I find myself comparing music of this style and its vast contrast with the music I typically listen to for pleasure. It also makes me curious to try producing music like this on my own in my spare time. Greg Kelley II Sq this piece begins I hear quiet sounds that sound like a human kissing a glass bottle. Next I hear a sound that resembles static on a TV or radio. Later there is a squeaky sound added. The squeaky sound makes me think of a circular saw when I first hear it.I also hear an extended sucking or kissing sound. This piece is very bottle makes has a deep echo that suggests it is a large bottle. Towards the end of the piece the sounds become much more long and sustained. This piece is ethically much shorter in duration when compared to the first two selections. Also, the variety within the selection of changing instruments and different types of sounds is limited when compared to the other selections. As a listener, this piece is difficult to describe because of its lack of variety from the listeners point of view.I also find that it affects me least among the four selections. However, as with the other Kelley piece, I find the methods used to create the music intriguing and am motivated to explore those methods in my spare time in attempting to create music with everyday objects. Two Running Violet V Forms Nile walking through the eucalyptus trees adjacent to Madeleine hall, one cannot help but notice the part of the Stuart Collection that is titled Two Running Violet V Forms These are a pair of objects that are constructed of steel and a blue material.They resemble large volleyball nets. When looking through the blue mesh, ones perception of the trees is altered. The blue nets are held up by several steel poles that are about 4 inches in diameter. When attempting to form a theory about the purpose of the nets, one can ponder that they could be used to hold the trees in lace (especially useful during windy weather such as we have had recently) or to catch stray giraffes. The nets make a V shape that form an approximate angle of 60 degrees to each other, creating an effect that makes them point in a certain direction. Hen viewed from the sky, the V forms are not visible at all whatsoever, as the thick tree covering obstructs them from view. When walking past the V forms, they undoubtedly gain your attention. Large in size, they are hard to miss and evoke thoughts pondering their purpose as one walks by. In dividing the V Forms into parts, I can identify eight distinct parts. Steel poles that hold up the nets, the nets themselves make up each of the 4 sections, eight in total. Alternatively one can classify them as simple a pair of objects, there being simply 2 individual forms adjacent to one another. When designing the V Forms, the artist may have been attempting to add to the Stuart Collection in a new way. The SCUDS Stuart collection consists of a wide variety of types of art. The artist may have desired to evoke certain thoughts or pondering in the minds of observers while walking through the eucalyptus grove. They are certainly hard to overlook, being one of the largest members of the Stuart Collection.

Is Gospel Rap a Good Influence on Teenagers free essay sample

Hip Hop now a days is what keep teenagers in the style. Teenagers think that Just listening to curse words is called rap. They listen to the upbeat sound and get lost in the music. I think gospel rap will be a good influence on teens. Teenagers love up to beat music, most rappers have been influence and have now turned around, canton Jones is an example of a gospel rapper Teenagers love rap music, so why not love gospel rap.They love the beat. Teenagers tend to listen to famous people because they want to be like them so they do what they do and say what they say. Teenagers dont want to listen to their parents. Teenagers feel like they dont understand what they go through. They feel like since the rapper is rapping about the stuff theyre going through that they understand. Parents want to help out because they dont want to see the children fail. We will write a custom essay sample on Is Gospel Rap a Good Influence on Teenagers? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When they listen to the rap it gets to their heads.When listening to that worldly rap you get so caught up in the music ND the beat that you really dont listen to the lyrics. Teenagers can listen to that rap music and take the understanding the wrong way. When you listen to gospel rap you cant take it the wrong way, its telling you the truth. You can listen to gospel music and understand the lyrics. When gospel rappers rap they tell you what theyve been through and what God did to save them from the mess they were in. Canton Jones is a part singer, song writer, producer, vocal arranger and entrepreneur. He is all bout bringing his unique style of hip- hop, RB, and urban gospel to the forefront of the industry. Canton Jones wants to inspire young people that you can still be cool and be a Christian to. Canton Jones has 4 albums and several songs. I love all of his music like; love song, stay saved, the Password and many more. Canton Jones is a good example of How Gospel rap is a good influence on teenagers. Teenagers want the sound .. . Its there. They want the beat.. .. Its there. Gospel rap is a good influence on teenagers. Is Gospel Rap a Good Influence on Teenagers free essay sample They love the beat. Teenagers tend to listen to famous people because they want to be like them so they do what they do and say what they say. Teenagers dont want to listen to their parents. Teenagers feel like they dont understand what they go through. They feel like since the rapper is rapping about the stuff theyre going through that they understand. Parents want to help out because they dont want to see the children fail. When they listen to the rap it gets to their heads.When listening to that worldly rap you get so caught up in the music ND the beat that you really dont listen to the lyrics. Teenagers can listen to that rap music and take the understanding the wrong way. When you listen to gospel rap you cant take it the wrong way, its telling you the truth. We will write a custom essay sample on Is Gospel Rap a Good Influence on Teenagers? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page You can listen to gospel music and understand the lyrics. When gospel rappers rap they tell you what theyve been through and what God did to save them from the mess they were in. Canton Jones is a part singer, song writer, producer, vocal arranger and entrepreneur.He is all about bringing his unique style of hip- hop, and urban gospel to the forefront of the industry. Canton Jones wants to inspire young people that you can still be cool and be a Christian to. Canton Jones has 4 albums and several songs. I love all of his music like; love song, stay saved, the Password and many more. Canton Jones is a good example of How Gospel rap is a good influence on teenagers. Teenagers want the sound . .. Its there. They want the beat. Its there. Gospel rap is a good influence on teenagers.