The Best of Tsunami-Resistant Building

Architects and engineers can design buildings that will stand tall during even the most violent earthquakes. However, a tsunami (pronounced soo-NAH-mee), a series of undulations in a body of water which is often caused by an earthquake, has the power to wash away entire villages. While no building is tsunami-proof, some buildings can be designed to resist forceful waves. The challenge of the architect is to design for the event AND design for beauty — the same challenge faced in safe room design. Understanding Tsunamis Tsunamis are usually generated by powerful earthquakes underneath large bodies of water. The seismic event creates a subsurface wave that is more complex than when the wind simply blows the waters surface. The wave can travel hundreds of miles an hour until it reaches shallow water and a shoreline. The Japanese word for harbor is tsu and nami means wave. Because Japan is heavily populated, surrounded by water, and in an area of great seismic activity, tsunamis are often associated with this Asian country. They occur, however, all over the world. Historically tsunamis in the United States are most prevalent on the West coast, including California, Oregon, Washington, Alaska and, of course, Hawaii. A tsunami wave will behave differently depending on the underwater terrain surrounding the shoreline (i.e., how deep or shallow the water is from the shoreline). Sometimes the wave will be like a tidal bore or surge, and some tsunamis dont crash onto the shoreline at all like a more familiar, wind-driven wave. Instead, the water level may rise very, very quickly in what is called a wave runup, as if the tide has come in all at once—like a 100 foot high tide surge. Tsunami flooding may travel inland more than 1000 feet, and the rundown creates continued damage as the water quickly retreats back out to sea.   What Causes the Damage? Structures tend to be destroyed by tsunamis because of five general causes. First is the force of the water and high-velocity water flow. Stationary objects (like houses) in the path of the wave will resist the force, and, depending how the structure is constructed, the water will go through or around it. Second, the tidal wave will be dirty, and the impact of debris carried by the forceful water may be what destroys a wall, roof, or piling. Third, this floating debris can be on fire, which is then spread among combustible materials. Fourth, the tsunami rushing onto land and then retreating back to the sea creates unexpected erosion and scour of foundations. Whereas erosion is the general wearing away of the ground surface, scour is more localized—the type of wearing away you see around piers and piles as water flows around stationary objects. Both erosion and scour compromise a structures foundation. The fifth cause of damage is from the waves wind forces. Guidelines for Design In general, flood loads can be calculated like for any other building, but the scale of a tsunamis intensity make building more complicated. Tsunami flood velocities are said to be highly complex and site-specific. Because of the unique nature of building a tsunami-resistant structure, the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) has a special publication called Guidelines for Design of Structures for Vertical Evacuation from Tsunamis. Early warning systems and horizontal evacuation have been the main strategy for many years. The current thinking, however, is to design buildings with vertical evacuation areas: instead of attempting to flee an area, the residents climb upwards to safe levels. ...a building or earthen mound that has sufficient height to elevate evacuees above the level of tsunami inundation, and is designed and constructed with the strength and resiliency needed to resist the effects of tsunami waves.... Individual homeowners as well as communities may take this approach. Vertical evacuation areas can be part of the design of a multi-story building, or it can be a more modest, stand-alone structure for a single purpose. Existing structures such as well-constructed parking garages could be designated vertical evacuation areas. 8 Strategies for Tsunami-Resistant Construction Shrewd engineering combined with a swift, efficient warning system can save thousands of lives. Engineers and other experts suggest these strategies for tsunami-resistant construction: Build structures with reinforced concrete instead of wood, even though wood construction is more resilient to earthquakes. Reinforced concrete or steel-frame structures are recommended for vertical evacuation structures.Mitigate resistance. Design structures to let the water flow through. Build multi-story structures, with the first floor being open (or on stilts) or breakaway so the major force of water can move through. Rising water will do less damage if it can flow underneath the structure. Architect Daniel A. Nelson and Designs Northwest Architects often use this approach in the residences they build on the Washington Coast. Again, this design is contrary to seismic practices, which makes this recommendation complicated and site specific.Construct deep foundations, braced at the footings. A tsunamis force can turn an otherwise solid, concrete building completely on its side, substantive deep foundations can overcome that.Design with redundancy, so that the structure can experien ce partial failure (e.g., a destroyed post) without progressive collapse.As much as possible, leave vegetation and reefs intact. They wont stop tsunami waves, but they can act as a natural buffer and slow them down.Orient the building at an angle to the shoreline. Walls that directly face the ocean will suffer more damage.Use continuous steel framing strong enough to resist hurricane-force winds.Design structural connectors that can absorb stress. Whats the Cost? FEMA estimates that a tsunami-resistant structure, including seismic-resistant and progressive collapse-resistant design features, would experience about a 10 to 20% order-of-magnitude increase in total construction costs over that required for normal-use buildings. This article briefly describes design tactics used for buildings in tsunami-prone coastlines. For details about these and other construction techniques, explore the primary sources. Sources United States Tsunami Warning System, NOAA / National weather Service, http://www.tsunami.gov/Erosion, Scour, and Foundation Design, FEMA, January 2009, PDF at https://www.fema.gov/media-library-data/20130726-1644-20490-8177/757_apd_5_erosionscour.pdfCoastal Construction Manual, Volume II FEMA, 4th edition, August  2011, pp. 8-15, 8-47, PDF at https://www.fema.gov/media-library-data/20130726-1510-20490-1986/fema55_volii_combined_rev.pdfGuidelines for Design of Structures for Vertical Evacuation from Tsunami, 2nd edition, FEMA P646, April 1, 2012, pp. 1, 16, 35, 55, 111, PDF at https://www.fema.gov/media-library-data/1426211456953-f02dffee4679d659f62f414639afa806/FEMAP-646_508.pdf  Tsunami-Proof Building by Danbee Kim, http://web.mit.edu/12.000/www/m2009/teams/2/danbee.htm, 2009 [accessed August 13, 2016]The Tech To Make Buildings Earthquake — and Tsunami — Resistant by Andrew Moseman, Popular Mechanics, March 11, 2011How to Make Buildings Safer in Tsunamis by Rollo Reid, Reid Steel

Ap Biology Chapter 20 Notes - 756 Words

Chapter 20: DNA Technology Biotechnology: Use of living organisms to perform tasks. * Wine cheese * Selective breeding * Antibiotic production * Recombinant DNA Restriction Enzymes * Bacterial enzymes: cut up foreign DNA * Specific: only but at recognition sequences * Palindromic: cut at the same base sequence on each strand, but in the opposite direction * The exposed bases provide â€Å"sticky ends† * H-bond to compliment bases of segments cut with same restriction enzyme Recombinant DNA 1. Isolate DNA from 2 sources * Bacterial plasmid w/2 genes * ampR(resistance to ampicillin) * lacZ(makes ÃŽ ² galactosidase) * Human cell 2. Treat both w/ the same restriction enzyme * Recognition†¦show more content†¦_____________________________________________________________________________ Human Genome Project (1990) Used 3 processes: Linkage Map * Shows the order relative distance bt/n genetic markers * Used frequencies of recombination due to crossover (like in fruit fly crossover) Physical Map * Shows the order real distance bt/n genetic markers * Measured in base pairs DNA Sequencing * Determining nucleotide sequence * Sanger method (chain termination) * Obtain single stranded DNA of unknown sequence * Supply all necessary replication components * Primer * DNA Polymerase * 4 types of â€Å"normal† nucleotides * dATP, dCTP, dGTP, dTTP * Supply 4 types of modified nucleotides * ddATP, ddCTP, ddGTP, ddTTP * these will terminate the strand (no trailer hitch) * each is tagged w/a distant fluorescent colored lab * A set of strand will form * Short to long * Each ends in a labeledShow MoreRelatedAp Bio Work Essay2330 Words   |  10 PagesAP BIOLOGY PAK 1 HOMEWORK Name: Jeremy Ng Per: 3 Adv: Mr.Lee Chapter 1: Introduction: Themes in the Study of Life Begin your study of biology this year by reading Chapter 1. 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Love and Marriage in Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice

Love and Marriage in Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice Analyse Jane Austens presentation of love and marriage in her novel Pride Prejudice. From your evidence suggest what Austen regards as a good marriage. On first impressions of the novel, my own prejudices clouded my judgement of the book and of what it might have consisted. Living in the 21st Century it is somewhat difficult to imagine anything remotely similar, interesting or slightly scandalous happening in a period in which rich men marry apparently beautiful women whose main ambition in life is to marry well. However, as Jane Austen illustrates in the form of Elizabeth, not all women in this period marry just for money, but as†¦show more content†¦Austen creates an impressive catalogue of characters, each with their own faults, as well as their own assets; the characters that Austen likes become obvious as she lets them possess good personalities with promising capabilities; conversely, the characters, or personifications of people that she knew, that she does not like are also obvious as she uses satire to present them; Mrs. Bennet is one of the best examples of this: She was a woman of mean understanding, little in formation, and uncertain temper. Lizzys view, being the most similar to Austens, views her younger sister, Lydia, as being, Vain, ignorant, idle, and absolutely uncontrolled! This also shows how Austen favours some more than others, and also shows how Austen might judge a character in a rather prejudice way. This seems the case for most of the marriages in the book; the characters that Austen likes, and in effectShow MoreRelatedLove and Marriage in Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice Essay2485 Words   |  10 PagesLove and Marriage in Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice Pride and Prejudice was published in 1813 during the Regency period. From a woman’s point of view, marriage was seen as â€Å"the only honourable provision for well-educated young women of small fortune†. Marriage was seen as the only way of securing a home and a decent living. If a woman wasn’t married she would have the life of a spinster, and depend upon a family who may not always support her. The only other choiceRead MoreLearning of Love and Marriage in Jane Austens Time from Pride Prejudice1615 Words   |  7 PagesLearning of Love and Marriage in Jane Austens Time from Pride Prejudice Pride Prejudice was written in the 18th century by a new author called Jane Austen. Her book can help us have a realistic insight to the social life of her time. It is generated around the Bennet household, a family who live in Meryton. The main theme narrows down to characters relationships, marriages and 18th century society. I hope to give a clear insight to how this novel helped me reachRead MorePride And Prejudice: Love And Money In Holy Matrimony .1396 Words   |  6 PagesPride and Prejudice: Love and Money in Holy Matrimony Imagine a present day society where young women were only encouraged to seek a husband for their financial purposes and to gain a reputable status in the social class system. Today, who can fathom a happy marriage between two individuals without love? Well, that’s exactly what was expected in the life of the middle class families during the early nineteenth century, like the Bennet’s daughters in Jane Austen’s novel Pride and Prejudice. The novelRead MoreThe Influence of Regency England in Pride and Prejudice1604 Words   |  7 Pagesfamiliarity [with those below in social rank was] a degradation† (137). One of Regency England’s most beloved writers, Jane Austen, continued the tradition of casting literature as a reflection of contemporary society’s biases. Her novels brim with indicators of Regency England’s preconceptions. The characters in Austen’s novel, Pride and Prejudice, seek economic security through marriage, and cast a critical eye on those who divert themselves with lesser, frivolous pursuits, resulting in their effortsRead MoreJane Austen and Her Feminism1158 Words   |  5 PagesJane Austen and Her Feminism ---analyzing of feminism revealed in Pride and Prejudice Introduction It is universally acknowledged that Jane Austen was a major woman novelist in English; but it is also a truth that almost as universally ignored that Jane Austen was a feminist. By intensively reading her six novels (Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice, Northanger Abbey, Mansfield Park, Emma and Persuasion) and studying feminism, I have found some significant and fresh thingsRead MorePride and Prejudice: Exploring the Chasm Between Love and Marriage in Georgian England1675 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Pride and Prejudice†, is a novel which explores the huge chasm between love and marriage in Georgian England. Jane Austen’s presentation of passion and matrimony reiterates the fact that marriage is a â€Å"business arrangement†. Austen uses irony to make fun of polite society in this satire and Austen also emphasizes the point that social hierarchy dictates whom you can marry. The pressures of men and women in Georgian England are revealed through her exp loration of the aristocracy’s prejudice againstRead More Essay on Pride and Prejudice as Romantic Novel and Romantic Criticism1398 Words   |  6 PagesPride and Prejudice as Romantic Novel and Romantic Criticism       To a great extent, Jane Austen satirizes conventional romantic novels by inverting the expectations of love at first sight and the celebration of passion and physical attractiveness, and criticizing their want of sense. However, there are also elements of conventional romance in the novel, notably, in the success of Jane and Bingleys love.    The first indication of Austens inversion of accepted romantic conventionsRead MoreSocial Commentary on Love and Marriage in Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austin1734 Words   |  7 PagesPride and Prejudice Love and Marriage Jane Austen shows the readers within the first sentence what the plot and main theme of Pride and Prejudice is and what social ideas she plans on presenting through this novel. The first sentence of Pride and Prejudice stands as one of the most famous introductory lines in literature. It states, â€Å"it is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife† (Austen 5). This statement puts the novel inRead More Women and Marriage in Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice Essay examples663 Words   |  3 PagesWomen and Marriage in Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice And they lived happily ever after... Or did they? Pride and Prejudice, a captivating novel written by Jane Austen, is the story of Elizabeth and her adventure challenging society and ending up deep in true love. Pride and Prejudice takes place in a town outside of London called Hertfordshire, where the reader follows Elizabeth, her friends, and her family as they search for love in the nineteenth century. The author writes of ElizabethsRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1418 Words   |  6 PagesMarriage is a fundamental topic in Jane Austen’s famous novel, Pride and Prejudice. Readers become invested in the lives of the Bennet sisters who are constantly dreaming of relationships. Still unknown, however, is Austen’s reason for writing this novel that is so extremely concentrated on marriage. Some critics believe that Austen wrote the novel to portray how different social classes affected the lives of women such as the Bennet sisters. Others, however, believe that the novel was written

The Complexity Of Different Output Devices Essay - 2724 Words

Introduction When looking at things such as watching TV, browsing through the Internet or even looking at your mobile phone, it seems like something simple. However, this is not the case. Processes related to how information is received through devices are very complex, these are known as Display Output Devices. They are responsible for receiving data in different forms: images, videos, numbers, words, and even sounds. Examples of these devices include televisions, computer screens, mobiles, printers and cameras. This paper will discuss the complexity of different output devices, functions they carry out, and how the functions are carried out. (Output device, Wikipedia, 2014). Part 1 : projectors are output devices that take images already saved on computers or captured by mobiles and reflect these images on a flat surface. There are three types of projectors which are : LCD(liquid crystal display), DLP(digital light processing) and CRT (cathode ray tube ) and also there are two important things we must know before purchasing a projector which are the brightness and resolution. The quality of the brightness differs from one type to another so if we talk about LCD so the brightness lamp must be between 800 and 1000 to get a shiny image but for DLB the brightness lamp must be 1000 not less than this, but if we want to get a perfect clear image the resolution must be XGA or WXGA but VGA and SVGA more cheaper but give less quality compared to XGA or WXGA so if we want aShow MoreRelatedCross Platform Authentication Pairing Codes780 Words   |  4 Pagesgrant access to the user to different kind of private information. This code could be a single letter and com bination, or more advanced authentication methods such biometric authentication. Nowadays, in the context of having access to multiple websites with sensitive information registered by the user, the use of passwords as a validation method is the most frequent. Studies have shown that an average user uses 6.5 passwords, each of which is shared in almost four different websites. Each user hasRead MoreThe Internet Of Things ( Iot )1292 Words   |  6 PagesRochester Institute of Technology Real-Time and Embedded Systems SWEN 563 / CMPE 663 / EEEE 663 Graduate Paper Review Report ON â€Å"Efficient Embedded Learning for IoT Devices† Submitted by: Rohan N. Dhamdhere, rnd7528@g.rit.edu I. Introduction The Internet of Things (IoT) helps us sense meaningful data from the physical world. In recent years, its ability to sense the data has increased tremendously, which increasesRead MoreOperational Management quiz 11500 Words   |  6 Pagesmovements Predictable work The output of a transformation process is: A product, good or service A better looking person A car A more efficient company In behaviour approaches of job design, which approach offers more responsibility for own work and possibly team work: Empowerment Job enlargement Job rotation Job enrichment Operations is concerned with managing †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. That directly produce the organisations service or product: Processes People Transformations Outputs Resources The term volume refersRead MoreFPGA Essay1108 Words   |  5 Pagesresources thus focusing on faster real-time computations. This paves the way for Spatial computing, where the resources are distributed in space rather than in time. These elements when operated in parallel, accelerates the computation process. FPGA devices gives the flexibility in design by providing many fine-grained reconfigurable units (LUTs) and connecting elements. But the main drawback is while mapping the application onto these FPGA board. This problem is NP hard and tools for synthesis andRead MoreDesign Of Comparator For Successive Approximation Analog Digital Converter1227 Words   |  5 Pagesand segmented DAC. In this paper comparator is been designed for all these SA-ADC architectures. The comparator used in SA-ADC plays an important role. The main purpose of the comparator is to compare a signal with a reference signal and produce an output depending on whether the input signal is greater or smaller than the reference signal. 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The following sections of the paper provide a comprehensive survey of the prior art discussing the current trends in neuromorphic chips. A. Device Technology and Neuron Architecture Developments in electronic devices is trending towards lesser area and more functionality.This trend has been driven by Moore’s Law (*?) [1965_Moore] which states that transistor density will double every 18 months and as it is evident from roadmapRead MoreEssay on Lab 2 Net360619 Words   |  3 Pagesof 6dB. If you are indoors, this will be different because of the propagation factors, but an estimate would be a doubled coverage area for every 9dB increased. The path loss also depends on the antenna gain of the transmitter, how far apart they are and if there are any obstacles. Other factors are the receiving antenna’s gain and the receiver’s sensitivity. 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Data can be collected rapidly, and disseminate feedback about PCC by use of bedside mobile device, which would be supplied to the older patient (Duffy et al., 2012). The purpose of this study is to explore the feasibility such as participation, functionality, acceptability, and usability of the mobile bedside technology device, in order for the elderly to describe their perceptions of the RN taking care of them (Duffy et al., 2012). There were several concerns

Changing Behavior Case Analysis Essay - 806 Words

Changing Behavior Case Analysis Carlissa Tigue Psychology Narketta Sparkman Baker College October 25, 2012 The client, Mrs Freeman has been a drinker for 15 years and she currently drinks a fifth of Vodka a day and a six pack of beer. She is the mother of three girls and three boys. She has developed health issues related to her long term drinking habit. Mrs. Freeman wants to quit drinking for her own health and the health of her children. Classical conditioning could explain Mrs. Freeman’s drinking addition. Her drinking acted as an unconditioned stimulus. As she continued to drink, she craved for more drinks and then stronger drinks this becomes her unconditioned response. Over time social, environmental and psychological†¦show more content†¦Operant Conditioning could also play a part in Mrs. Freeman’s drinking habit. Mrs. Freeman started drinking when she was younger, as she got older she drunk more due to pressure. She continued to drink because she had so much going on, that she could not handle. The good feeling associated with drinking acted as a positive r einforcement, that made her continue her behavior. Now that Mrs. Freeman is grown and all on her own drinking has had a negative effect on Mrs. Freeman’s life. She has gone to work drinking, and been warn not to do it again. This has not stop Mrs. Freeman from drinking, she now just hides her drinking better. Mrs. Freeman knows that if she continues this behavior, she could loss her job. She has been affected by both positive and negative reinforcement (Morris amp; Maisto, p 159). The negative reinforcement of drinking is poor health and the possibility of losing her job. These things have made Mrs. Freeman motivated to quit drinking. Instead of having a drink Mrs. Freeman will call her sponsor or even have a cup of coffee. She will reward herself by buying herself a new dress every time, she doesn’t pick up a drink. Mrs. Freeman is motivated to quit drinking for her health and the health of her children. Cognitive and social learning also play a role in maintain unwanted behaviors (Morris amp; Maisto, p 174). Growing up with a father who wasShow MoreRelatedChanging Behavior Case Study Analysis7120 Words   |  29 Pages Changing Behavior: Insights and Applications Annette Frahm, project manager Dave Galvin Gail Gensler Gail Savina Anne Moser December 1995 Revised June 2001 Local Hazardous Waste Management Program in King County King County Water Pollution Control Division 130 Nickerson St., Suite 100 Seattle, Washington 98109 (206) 263-3050; haz.waste@metrokc.gov Prog-3(12/95)rev.6/01 Introduction Have you ever tried to get a smoker to stop? A kid to start wearing a bike helmet? 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Social Policy Issue in Australia (Suicide)

Question: Describe about the Social Policy Issue in Australia (Suicide). Answer: Abstract Social policies are guiding principles designed to address social issues, ranging from unemployment, healthcare, poverty or racisms among other issues bedeviling our society. Government, civil society, and agents across the globe have formulated and administered social policies in different manners. Australia is considered as a progressive model when social policies are involved, because the country is economically and socially developed, and as a matter of fact numerous programs have been launched to promote equality in the Australian Social policy reform can also be initiated outside the government, and this particular approach is evident through the various community organizations that work to support the disadvantaged in the society. It is against this background that my research is going to focus on investigating suicide as a social problem in Australia and actions that can be undertaken by the stakeholders to minimize on suicide rates in the country. I am going to review some o f the factors that leads into suicide and steps that can be taken to reduce suicide rates. Introduction The rationale behind any social policy initiative is to benefit the human welfare, which is indeed a brilliant idea. Some of the immediate effects of a social policy program can be economic or general social improvement in a country, however, most people are inclined towards the belief that benefiting the human population, in particular the less privileged, is good, even if it means conferring to no immediate benefit. Research has also proven that any initiative developed to bring equalization directly benefits the society on a short to long term basis. For instance, attempts to fight for women rights and push for more women to join the labor force has generated a bigger and diverse workforce, and the government initiative geared towards providing comprehensive Medicare to all citizens, has led into a reduction of the burden of healthcare bills, and besides creating a more healthier and productive society. In our case, attempts to reduce suicide rates is likely to transpire into a he althy and wealthier society. To tackle the underlying issue, the government can enact explicit laws that address different issues of law such as creed, gender, race, employment discrimination, or even laws touching on health matter such as dealing with suicide rates. The same government can also initiate programs that promote progress on different social issues in a different manner, and this may include providing incentives to medical product manufacturers, literacy program, or affordable housing (Gray Agglias, 2009). Within a particular society or community, the government, businesses or even non-profit making entities can be involved in implementing social policies. Businesses that want to be perceived as socially responsibly, can fund projects considered to be socially responsible, and such initiatives may include building a school, providing access to clean drinking water, or donate medical equipment and drugs to a clinic. Social policy development also factors in different organization sizes, whether large or small, provided that these entities have nurtured programs that address or lobby for the government to instigate functional legal changes that enhances social opportunities. It is due to this fact that in the paper we are going to highlight the cases of increasing suicide rates in Australia, and how a social worker can utilize his skills to help the society address the underlying issue. In this particular research paper, our main target group will be the middle aged men within the age br acket of 35-55 years, which is the most productive group in the Australian society. Literature Review Increasing Suicide Rate in Australia Australia is considered one of the most developed regions on earth today. The countrys economic performances is excellent compared to some of its western counterparts, and the citizens are equally educated with the country boasting of some of the finest higher education learning institutions. The economic prospects are encouraging with iconic companies have already set base in the country. However, there has been a worrying trend, the number of people taking up their lives every year has been very disturbing. The Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) has maintained the data on suicide rates since 1881, however, this very data is still considered to be an underestimate of the real suicide rate, because there are individuals who take their lives in such a manner that it is easily mistaken to be an accidental death. The Aussies suicide rates tend to be higher amongst males, rural dwellers, and the Aboriginal and Torres-Strait-Islander people. The level of suicide among Aboriginal and Torres-Strait-Islander people is considered among the highest globally, particularly in the far North Queensland region, Northern Territory, and Kimberley regions (Parliament of Australia, 2011). However, for a death to be considered to be suicide and recorded by the ABS, the death must meet a certain threshold: The death should have occurred as a result of unnatural causes such as suffocation, poisoning or injury rather than an illness The actions that resulted into the death should be self-inflicted The aggrieved party must have had the intention to die To begin with, over the past decade, more than 2,100 Australians did commit suicide. To be precise, in 2008 there were 2282 deaths, in 2009 there were 2132, and in 2013, 2522 suicide deaths were recorded. These deaths severely impacts the family, friends, workplaces and the communities around, because loved ones are depressed and they are forced to live with the agony look your dad or mum or even friend committed suicide. According to the new mortality data released by ABS, suicide rates have expanded exponentially from 10.9 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants in 2013 to more than 12 suicides per 100,000 people in 2014, and this is also the highest figure to be recorded since 2001. Suicide is considered a major cause of premature deaths in Australia, and these particular rates have been particularly blunt in the male species who are aged between 40-44 years of age. Even though the highest age specific suicide death rate for men in 2014 came from people above the age of 85 years, suicide among middle aged men was on the up rise, making it a social concern that people who are in their most productive years are dying deaths that can be easily prevented through moral and social support. The suicide levels for individuals who are aged between 55-64 years increased by around ten percent to 15.1 per 100,000, and the rise was highest in men within this particular age bracket at 58 percent, comparatively with 50 pe rcent for the women species (Guardian, 2012). These alarming figures are attributed to risky behavior among people, because the younger generation is today more assertive and less risk-averse. They start to drink and smoke earlier in their lives, and the associated behaviors leads into impulsivity, which leads into risk-taking, more levels of injury, hence more suicide risk. Suicide tends to begin through suicide ideation, and this is when an individual experiences serious thoughts of suicide. These individuals suffer from undressed despair and mental health issues that they experience in their lives as they approach the middle age, hence giving them ideas of suicide and finally committing the offense. Research indicates that most of these people were employed in the mining, agriculture, construction, and manufacturing sectors, whereby the last decade, there has been a downturn associated with redundancies and uncertainties, attributed to the global financial meltdown that has affected the west. Individuals who were employed in these sectors had better prospects a decade back, but today, they are experiencing economic downturn, and they have families to support and other obligations such as mortgages, school fees, and car loans, and as a result, these people begin to find themselves losing their jobs and connection to friends. What follows next is that this group of people becomes disjointed to the society. In certain instances, they find their families falling apart, and they may end up divorcing, or over indulging in alcohol. Suicide Risk Factors in Australia Gender In each region within Australia, suicide is more prevalent among males compared to females, and the current ratio stands to 3:1. However, the suicide rates have decreased since the mid 90s, the suicide level in men was highest in 1997 at 23.6 per 100,000, but has gradually declined and matured at 14.9 per 100,000 in 2009. The women suicide rates peaked at 6.2 per 100,000 in 1997, and thereafter, there was a decline to 4.5 per 100,000 in 2009 (Siewert, 2010). Urban-Rural Differences The suicide rates for both men and women living in Australia differ insignificantly between rural and urban environment. However, the rate for young men is a little bit higher compared to women living in a rural setting. There are quite a number of factors attributed to the underlying scenario, these factors include; increased levels of social isolation, lower socio-economic lifestyle, and easy accessibility to firearms, which have all contributed to the increased rates of male suicide rates in Australia. Alcoholism There is a strong correlation between alcohol, hard drugs and suicide with Australias young population. Between 30 to 50 percent of suicide cases reported, detectable items are retrieved during post-mortem coronal investigations, and alcohol is the most common, followed by drugs. Age Even though suicide rates among adolescents has gradually declined, it is still a very thorny issue. There are certain age group who are more susceptible towards committing suicide, and these are the indigenous, or adolescents with rural or some refugee backgrounds, as well as those in welfare are observed to have a tendency to commit suicide, and the males are at more risks compared to their female counterparts. Research has also indicated that there is a direct correlation between suicide rates and the period of unemployment accompanied with a decrease in national unemployment rates. The data also reveals that the longer the period of unemployment, or low employment, the higher the chances of committing suicide for men within the age bracket of 25-34 and 55-64 years. How the Australian Government Has Failed to Tackle Suicide as a Social Issue It can be argued that the suicide rates got out of hand, because, there were no aggressive psychological health advocacy and services that targeted middle aged men in depressed sectors of the economy such as manufacturing, agriculture, and automobile. Even though individuals employed in lucrative sectors, and were technologically savvy, had strong prospects of seeking help when confronted with a pressing issue in their lives, men who worked in more crude sectors in most cases felt they did not have they had a shoulder to turn on, and could felt neglected by the society. It is clear that there is a significant inconsistency in suicide levels, and even though the figures are climbing up by the day, it is also evident that suicide in higher-resourced communities is half the figure, whereas at the same time the suicide rates in the countryside and other regional areas comprising of moribund industries coupled with fewer resources, is twofold (Common Wealth of Australia, 2008). It is in light of this fact that the mental health commission national review initiated a strategic roadmap, and this particular roadmap is going to be backed by massive financial investment, to seek the best approach on how to utilize practical concepts such as applying technology to coordinate health and prevention services and communities in regional areas to reach such people. However, it is still yet to happen. Essentially, it is important to sensitize individuals before they reach a predicament. According to research studies from other foreign countries, clear strategies are formulated and they have worked to minimize on the levels of suicide rates. It is only some of these strategies that have been implemented in Australia whereby the implementation is a speckled and lopsided to their impact. Australia should redouble or even triple its efforts to minimize on cases of suicide at the local, state, and national level, because, the same country has tremendously cut the number of deaths from motor vehicles, cancer, aids, heart problems, and other contagious diseases (National Mental Health Prevention, 2013). Social policy on Suicide Prevention in Australia The Aussie government in collaboration with the Commonwealth Department of Health and Ageing (DOHA), is mandated with the responsibility of coming up with a new governance structure for suicide prevention. Some of the key reasons for coming up with a proactive documentation are: To engage wide coalition of stakeholders, not only acting as a government approach, but making it a community initiative, given that suicide rate figures have transpired as a public outcry There is an urgent need to diversify funding base away from non-government resources towards other avenues such as the unions and philanthropic personalities so that fundings get increased to have a lasting effect towards the reduction of suicide rates while at the same time address social economic impacts of suicide and self-harm There is an increasing need to provide enhanced ownership, engagement, and transparency to the Australian community, and at the same time to assist the community in understanding where they can get some of the support services Currently, there are quite a number of reforms earmarked by the government in collaboration with the civil society and non-governmental organizations. The Australian government is emphasizing on the need to rebalance the health system with a tough focus centered on prevention and early intervention. In relation to suicide, stakeholders believe that new structures should be re-positioned whereby these very structures entail: Raising funds from various sources and distributing them across different Aussie communities Governance and accountability structures should be re-established Service delivery, capacity enhancement, civic education and accountability should be bolstered and financial support should not be reliant on ad hoc funding Therefore a new national structure should be developed that will coordinate a multi-strategy approach towards suicide prevention. The rationale behind such an approach is: Suicide is unacceptable in any Australian society because the number of suicide related mortality is even higher compared to the national road fatality rate, indeed a very disappointing trend Bureaucracy associated with government health services is accountable for any effort to minimize suicide levels, whereby it has been noted that replacing medical personnel together with the government machinery that enacts policy framework has hindered progress and outcomes Suicide should not be considered a health issue, but rather a social concern What can be done to reduce the National Suicide Rates? Improving National Suicide Data There has been a problem of underreporting that probably has given hope that the figures were going down, but the reality on the ground is that no significant change has occurred. This is an issue that must be urgently addressed if the country is to make any meaningful stride. Workforce Development, Training and Education The workforce should be retained to collaborate with young people using modern information system tools such as social media, blogs and wikis. The youngsters should have access to an online community that provides advices from trusted sources. These sources may include medical personnel or even senior member of the community such as politicians. National awareness, anti-stigma and education New programs that enhance an individuals and community resilience while at the same time promoting social connection and physical awareness should be initiated. There should be a way of engaging and empowering the marginalized and traditionally the hard to reach groups through transgression of geographically, logistical and even psychological barriers that may inhibit such groups from accessing health promotion campaigns. Increasing Funding for Successful Programs There are numerous successful approaches that have so far been established. However, often effective programs pertaining to suicide reduction tends to operate on either small or local scale, over short periods continually overlying from single donor source. The value to increase funding in such ventures is clear. Therefore innovative ways to scale up programs to have certain degree of predictability is necessary, and one of the approaches that is likely to work, is to increase funding while giving government support whenever necessary. Stakeholder cooperation Stakeholders including the social workers should collaborate with the government to ensure that the government, civil society, and non-governmental organizations work hand in hand to educate the public on the risks of committing suicide, and at the same time providing preventive services including educating the public on the negative impacts of suicide. Some of the initiatives that can be undertaken include an elaborate public awareness campaign and also providing moral support to any person who is likely to be vulnerable. Conclusion Social workers know that individuals are confronted with various social deprivation, and these individuals often feel powerless, insecure, and unsafe in the society. Individuals who are suffering, may decide to cope with their conditions through inflicting harm on their bodies and this may include resorting into actions such as committing suicide. Social workers have the knowledge and professional obligation to assist individuals cope with negative depression and at the same time assist in promoting positive coping. The society we live in is also mired with numerous obligation, and due to the limited resources that some of our government have, it is inherently challenging to address some of these issues. The government in collaboration with stakeholders such as the civil society, non-governmental organizations, social workers and the general public at large, can work hand in hand to come up with a sustainable approach towards the underlying issue. One approach is to openly educate the public on the negative impacts of suicide, and to let the public know that suicide does not solve problems, but rather running away from the reality. Potential victims should be educated that once they take their lives, it is their immediate family together with the friends who are likely to face the agony of losing a loved one. The government through Australia Bureau of Statistics should come up with a comprehensive database comprising of the number of suicide deaths, and this particular database should also try to correlate incidences of death with an individuals perceived problem to accurately determine what exactly leads someone to think of committing suicide. Besides, civil education and sensitizing the public, more resources should be devoted towards program that are sustaining suicide avoidance. The funding should be consistent and should come from different sources such as the government as the principal donors followed by non-government organization, corporate organizations and other philanthropic individuals. We believe that Australia is a very civilized society, and incidences of suicide in the country should be completely unacceptable. References Suicide in Australia Parliament of Australia. (n.d.). Retrieved May 29, 2016, from https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/BN/2011-2012/Suicide A contributing life:$bthe 2013 national report card on mental health and suicide prevention /$cAustralian Government National Mental Health Commission. (2013). Sydney: National Mental Health Commission. Gray, M., Agllias, K. (2009). Australia: Contemporary Issues and Debates on the Social Welfare System. The Welfare State in Post-Industrial Society, 271-291. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-0066-1_15 Laughland, O. (2014). Australia's suicide rate climbs as experts declare a 'national tragedy' Retrieved May 29, 2016, from https://www.theguardian.com/society/2014/mar/26/australias-suicide-rate-climbs-as-experts-declare-a-national-tragedy Mental illness suicide in the media: A Mindframe resource for courts. (2008). Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia. Siewert, R. (2010). The hidden toll: Suicide in Australia. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia.

Premier League will play a major role in the revival free essay sample

Pakistan Premier League is a twenty20 cricket league that will be played in different cities within Pakistan. After the success of Indian Premier League, Bangladesh Premier League and Srilankan Premier League, Pakistan Cricket Board has decided to host a similar event in Pakistan. In this tournament, both local and international players are expected to participate. This event has a great importance for Pakistan Cricket because international cricket has not been played on the grounds of Pakistan ince 2009 when Sri Lankan team was attacked by the terrorists in Lahore. Now, towards the end of 2012, with the efforts of Dr Mohammad Ali Shah and his team, International Xl came to Pakistan to play two twenty20 cricket matches. International Xl consists of former International players from different countries. These matches went smooth, there were no security issues and it sent a message to the world that Pakistan is a safe place. Now, Pakistan Premier League in expected to play in March, 2013. We will write a custom essay sample on Premier League will play a major role in the revival or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page International players are invited to be a part of this event. Around 30 nternational players are expected to participate in this event. The success of this event will be step towards the revival of cricket in Pakistan. Pakistan cricket has been declined a lot in the recent times and one reason for it is the terrorist activities in Pakistan. Players are not able to play international cricket in home ground after the attack on Srilankan team. Home grounds and home crowds supports players a lot and give them confidence. But unfortunately, after the attack on Srilankan cricket team in Lahore near Gaddafi cricket Stadium on 3rd march, 2009. Few of the players ot injured in this attack but luckily all went safe back Srilanka. The International cricket also went from Pakistan with the Srilankan team. International Cricket Board was like that no cricket will be played in Pakistan till 2015. Pakistan was to host the ICC World cup 2011 with India, Srilanka and Bangladesh but due to the attack on Srilankan team in 2009, Pakistan was not able to host the mega event. No international cricket has been played in Pakistan for last three and a half year but now we see few efforts for the revival of international cricket in Pakistan. After three and a half year, Dr. Mohammad Ali Shah managed to convince few of the former International cricketers to come to Pakistan and play cricket match over year. This was an effort to show t he world that Pakistan is a safe place and there is a future of cricket in Pakistan. This event went successful and showed a good image of the country. It proved that Pakistan has a better security plans now and are capable of hosting International cricket. This event was an important event for Pakistan Premier League that is a major step for the revival of cricket in Pakistan. Everyone is very excited to see International and local players participating in Pakistan premier league in Pakistan and expecting that this will open routes for International Cricket in Pakistan. But still the question is that are we prepared to host such big league? Is it too early to host the event? Our security is strong enough to protect International Cricket. Pakistan Premier League is the last hope for the revival of International Cricket in Pakistan and if we are not able to host it successfully, then international cricket in Pakistan will end up as a dream for everyone!